Insight into hydrogels

References

• Bajpai SK, Saggu SS. Insulin release behavior of poly (methacrylamide-co-N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-co-itaconic acid) hydrogel: an interesting probe. Part II. J. Macromol. Sci. A: Pure. Appl. Chem. 2007; 44:153–157.
   Google Scholar
• McNeill ME, Graham NB. Properties controlling the diffusion and release of water soluble solutes from poly (ethyl oxide) hydrogels 1. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. 1993;4:305–322.10.1163/156856293X00582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman AS. Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2002;54:3–12.10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00239-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppas NA, Hilt JZ, Khadem hosseini A, et al. Hydrogels in biology and medicine: from molecular principles to bionanotechnology. Adv. Mater. 2006;18:1345–1360.10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichterle O, Lim D. Hydrophilic gels in biologic use. Nature. 1960;185:117.10.1038/185117a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman AS, Schmer G, Harris C, et al. Covalent binding of biomolecules to radiation-grafted hydrogels on inert polymer surfaces. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs. 1972;18:10–16.10.1097/00002480-197201000-00003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratner BD, Hoffman AS. Synthetic hydrogels for biomedical applications. In: Hydrogels for medical and related applications. ACS symposium series, Vol. 31. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1976. p. 1–36.10.1021/symposium
   Google Scholar
• Peppas NA, editor. Hydrogels in medicine and pharmacy, Vols. I–III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Park K, Shalaby WSW, Park H, editors. Biodegradable hydrogels for drug delivery. Lancaster, PA: Technomic; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Harland RS, Prud’homme RK, editors. Polyelectrolyte gels: properties, preparation, and applications. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1992.10.1021/symposium
   Google Scholar
• Ulbrich K, Subr V, Podperová P, et al. Synthesis of novel hydrolytically degradable hydrogels for controlled drug release. J. Controlled Release. 1995;34:155–165.10.1016/0168-3659(95)00004-R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman AS. Intelligent polymers. In: K Park, editor. Controlled drug delivery. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Harris JM, Zalipsky S, editors. Poly (ethylene glycol) chemistry and biological applications, ACS Symposium Series. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1997.10.1021/symposium
   Google Scholar
• Baroli B. Hydrogels for tissue engineering and delivery of tissue-inducing substances. J. Pharm. Sci. 2007;96:2197–2223.10.1002/jps.20873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entezami AA, Massoumi B. Artificial muscles, biosensors and drug delivery systems based on conducting polymers: a review. Iran. Polym. J. 2006;15:13–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazizadeh Y, Mirzadeh H, Amanpour S, et al. Investigation of effectiveness of chitosan hydrogel to stop bleeding and air leakage from lung fistula: an in vivo study. Iran. Polym. J. 2006;15:821–828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao D, Xu H, Philbert MA, et al. Ultrafine hydrogel nanoparticles: synthetic approach and therapeutic application in living cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007;46:2224–2227.10.1002/(ISSN)1521-3773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppas NA, Buresa P, Leobandunga W, et al. Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2000;50:27–46.10.1016/S0939-6411(00)00090-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppas NA, editor. Hydrogels in medicine and pharmacy, Vol. I, II, III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Kamath K, Park K. Biodegradable hydrogels in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1993;11:59–84.10.1016/0169-409X(93)90027-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park K, Shalaby WSW, Park H, editors. Biodegradable hydrogels for drug delivery. Basle: Technomic; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Kim SW, Bae YH, Okano T. Hydrogels: swelling, drug loading and release. Pharm. Res. 1992;9:283–290.10.1023/A:1015887213431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin S, Rajabnezhad S, Kohli K. Hydrogels as potential drug delivery systems. Sci. Res. Essay. 2009;3:175–1183.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton C. Adhesions and their prevention. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2005;7:168–176.10.1576/toag.2005.7.3.168
   Google Scholar
• Aroca AS, Ribelles JL, Pradas MM, et al. Characterization of macroporous polymethyl methacrylate coated with plasma polymerized poly 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. Eur. Polym. J. 2007;43:4552–4564.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.07.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley J, Madlambayan G, Faulkner J, et al. Alginate hydrogels as synthetic extracellular matrix materials. Biomaterials. 1999;20:45–53.10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00107-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Hedberg EL, Liu Z, et al. Preparation of macroporous poly 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate hydrogels by enhanced phase separation. Biomaterials. 2000;21:2163–2169.10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00137-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satish CS, Satish KP, Shivakumar HG. Hydrogels as controlled drug delivery systems: synthesis, cross-linking, water and drug transport mechanism. Ind. J. Pharm. Sci. 2006;68:133–140.
   Google Scholar
• Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. Novel cross-linking methods to design hydrogels. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2002;54:13–36.10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00240-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zhu W, Ding J. Preparation of thermosensitive microgels via suspension polymerization using different temperature protocols. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. 2005;75A:342–349.10.1002/(ISSN)1552-4965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Zh, Hou X, Mao Zh, et al. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable poly (lactic acid-co-glycine) via direct melt copolymerization. Iran. Polym. J. 2008;17:791–798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheri Sh, Mohammadi-Rovshandeh J, Hassan A. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable random copolymers of L-lactide, glycolide and trimethylene carbonate. Iran. Polym. J. 2007;16:489–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes MA, Felisberti MI. Mechanical behaviour and biocompatibility of poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone)–gelatin IPN hydrogels. Biomaterials. 2003;24:1279–1284.10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00448-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh EJ, Kang SW, Kim BS, et al. Control of the molecular degradation of hyaluronic acid hydrogels for tissue augmentation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. 2008;86A:685–693.10.1002/jbm.a.v86a:3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coviello T, Grassi M, Rambone G, et al. A crosslinked system from Scleroglucan derivative: preparation and characterization. Biomaterials. 2001;22:1899–1909.10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00374-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Y, Collighan R, Griffin M, et al. Assessment of cell viability in a three-dimensional enzymatically cross-linked collagen scaffold. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2007;18:1991–2001.10.1007/s10856-007-3091-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroli B. Photopolymerization in drug delivery, tissue engineering and cell encapsulation: issues and potentialities. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 2006;81:491–499.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura M, Fukumoto K, Watanabe J, et al. Hydrogen-bonding-driven spontaneous gelation of water-soluble phospholipid polymers in aqueous medium. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2004;15:631–644.10.1163/156856204323046898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh KS, Han SK, Choi YW, et al. Hydrogen-bonded polymer gel and its application as a temperature-sensitive drug delivery system. Biomaterials. 2004;25:2393–2398.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenekes RJ, Talsma H, Hennink WE. Formation of dextran hydrogels by crystallization. Biomaterials. 2001;22:1891–1898.10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00375-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappello J, Crissman JW, Crissman M, et al. In-situ self-assembling protein polymer gel systems for administration, delivery, and release of drugs. J. Controlled Release. 1998;53:105–117.
   Google Scholar
• Ganji F, Abdekhodaie MJ, Ramazany-Sadtabadi A. Gelation time and degradation rate of chitosan as a thermosensitive injectable hydrogel. J. Sol-Gel. Sci. Technol. 2007;42:47–53.10.1007/s10971-006-9007-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamadnia Z, Jamshidi A, Mobedi H, et al. Full natural hydrogel beads for controlled release of acetate and disodium phosphate derivatives of betamethasone. Iran. Polym. J. 2007;16:711–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aalaie J, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Rahmatpour A, et al. Effect of montmorillonite on gelation and swelling behavior of sulfonated polyacrylamide nanocomposite hydrogels in electrolyte solutions. Eur. Polymer J. 2008;44:2024–2031.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.04.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu Y, Park K. Environment-sensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2012;64:49–60.10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroli B. Hydrogels for tissue engineering and delivery of tissue-inducing substances. J. Pharm. Sci. 2007;96:2197–2223.10.1002/jps.20873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entezami AA, Massoumi B. Artificial muscles, biosensors and drug delivery systems based on conducting polymers: a review. Iran. Polym. J. 2006;15:13–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmaljohann D. Thermo- and pH-responsive polymers in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2006;58:1655–1670.10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casadei MA, Pitarresi G, Calabrese R, et al. Biodegradable and pH-sensitive hydrogels for potential colon-specific drug delivery: characterization and in vitro release studies. Biomacromolecules. 2008;9:43–49.10.1021/bm700716c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu HC, Wu AT, Lin YF. Synthesis and characterization of acrylic acid-containing dextran hydrogels. Polymer. 2001;42:1471–1479.10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00523-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakoli J, Jabbari E, Etrati Khosroshahi M, et al. Swelling characterization of anionic acrylic acid hydrogel in an external electric field. Iran. Polym. J. 2006;15:891–900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim F, Sun AM. Microencapsulated islets as bioartificial pancreas. Science. 1980;210:908–910.10.1126/science.6776628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yannas, Lee E, Orgill DP. Synthesis and characterization of a model extracellular matrix that induces partial regeneration of adult mammalian skin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1989;86:933–937.
   Google Scholar
• Gin H, Dupuy B, Baquey A, et al. Lack of responsiveness to glucose of microencapsulated Islets of Langerhans after three weeks implantation in the rat – influence of complement. J. Microencapsul. 1990;7:341–346.10.3109/02652049009021844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthew HW, Salley SO, Peterson WD, et al. Complex coacervate microcapsules for mammalian cell culture and artificial organ development. Biotechnol. Prog. 1993;9:510–519.10.1021/bp00023a010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu FY, Tsai SW, Wang FF, et al. The collagen-containing alginate/poly (L-lysine)/alginate microcapsules. Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 2000;28(2):147–154.
   Google Scholar
• Sefton MV, May MH, Lahooti S, et al. Making microencapsulation work: conformal coating immobilization gels and in vivo performance. J. Controlled Release. 2000;65:173–186.10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00234-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woerly S. Porous hydrogels for neural tissue engineering. Porous. Mater. Tiss. Eng. 1997;250:53–68.
   Google Scholar
• Hubbell JA. Synthetic biodegradable polymers for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998;3:246–251.10.1016/S1359-0286(98)80098-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon JP, Yu XJ, Sridharan A, et al. The influence of physical structure and charge on neurite extension in a 3D hydrogel scaffold. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1998;9:1049–1069.10.1163/156856298X00325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao YL, Rodriguez A, Vacanti M, et al. Comparative study of the use of PGA, calcium alginate and pluronics in the engineering of autologous porcine cartilage. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1998;9:475–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkenhagen M, Clemence JF, Sigrist H, et al. Three-dimensional extracellular matrix engineering in the nervous system. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998;40:392–400.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BS, Nikolovski J, Bonadio J, et al. Cyclic mechanical strain regulates the development of engineered smooth muscle tissue. Nat. Biotechnol. 1999;17:979–983.10.1038/13671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisseeff J, Anseth K, Sims D, et al. Transdermal photopolymerization for minimally invasive implantation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 1999;96:3104–3107.10.1073/pnas.96.6.3104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suggs LJ, Mikos AG. Development of poly (propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) as an injectable carrier for endothelial cells. Cell. Transplant. 1999;8:345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campoccia D, Doherty P, Radice M, et al. Semisynthetic resorbable materials from hyaluronan esterification. Biomaterials. 1998;19:2101–2127.
   Google Scholar
• Prestwich GD, Marecak DM, Marecak JF, et al. Controlled chemical modification of hyaluronic acid. J. Controlled Release. 1998;53:93–103.10.1016/S0168-3659(97)00242-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamae K, Miyata T, Jikihara A, et al. Formation of poly (glucosyloxyethyl methacrylate)–concanavalin A complex and its glucose sensitivity. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1994;6:79–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris JE, Fischer R, Hoffman AS. Affinity precipitation of proteins with polyligands. Anal. Biochem. 1993;41:991–997.
   Google Scholar
• Drumheller P, Hubbell JA. Densely crosslinked polymer networks of PEG in trimethylolpropane triacrylate for cell adhesion-resistant surfaces. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1995;29:201–215.
   Google Scholar
• Fariba G, Ebrahim VF. Hydrogels in controlled drug delivery systems. Iran. Polym. J. 2009;18:63–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowman AM, Peppas NA. Hydrogels. In: E Mathiowitz, editor. Encyclopedia of controlled drug delivery. New York, NY: Wiley; 1999. p. 397–418.
   Google Scholar
• Ratner BD, Hoffman AS. Synthetic hydrogels for biomedical applications. In: JD Andrade, editor. Hydrogels for medical and related applications, ACS symposium series, Vol. 31. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society; 1976. p. 1–36.10.1021/symposium
   Google Scholar
• Peppas NA, Mikos AG. Preparation methods and structure of hydrogels. In: NA Peppas, editor. Hydrogels in medicine and pharmacy, Vol. I. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986. p. 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Am Ende MT, Mikos AG. Diffusion-controlled delivery of proteins from hydrogels and other hydrophilic systems. In: LM Sanders, RW Hendren, editors. Protein delivery: physical systems. Tokyo: Plenum Press; 1997. p. 139–165.
   Google Scholar
• Peppas NA, Barr-Howell BD. Characterization of the cross-linked structure of hydrogels. In: NA Peppas, editor. Hydrogels in medicine and pharmacy, Vol. I. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986. p. 27–56.
   Google Scholar
• Britton LN, Ashman RB, Aminahhavi TM, et al. Prediction of transport properties of permeants through polymer films: a simple gravimetric experiment. J. Chem. Educ. 1988;65:368.10.1021/ed065p368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppas NA, Huang Y, Torres-Lugo M, et al. Physicochemical foundations and structural design of hydrogels in medicine and biology. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2000;2:9–29.10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canal T, Peppas NA. Correlation between mesh size and equilibrium degree of swelling of polymeric network. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1989;23:1183–1193.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichi T, Watanabe J, Ooya T, et al. Design of hydrogels crosslinked by biodegradable polyrotaxanes. Trans. Soc. Biomater. 2000; 33:1438.
   Google Scholar
• Clapper DL, Burkstrand MJ, Chudzik SJ, et al. A photo-crosslinked collagen/BMP matrix promotes bone formation in vivo. Trans. Soc. Biomater. 2000; 25:115–492.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson JP, Oegema TR, Jr, Bradford DS. Stimulation of mature canine intervertebral disc by growth factors. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991; 16(3):253–260.
   Google Scholar
• Dong LC, Hoffman AS, Yan Q. Macromolecular penetration through hydrogels. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1994;5:473–484.10.1163/156856294X00158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo CK, Ma PX. Diffusivity of three-dimensional ionically-crosslinked alginate hydrogels. Polym. Prep. 2000;41:1661.
   Google Scholar
• Marler JJ, Guha A, Rowley J, et al. Soft tissue augmentation with injectable alginate and syngeneic fibroblasts. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2000;105:2049–2058.10.1097/00006534-200005000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjha NM, Khan S. Chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) based hydrogels for biomedical applications; A review. J. Pharm. Altern. Med. 2013;2:30–41.
   Google Scholar
• Hoare TR, Kohane DS. Hydrogels in drug delivery: progress and challenges. Polymer. 2008;49:1993–2007.10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, et al. Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2004;57:19–34.10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00161-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2002;54:13–36.10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00240-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuijpers AJ, Engers GHM, Meyvis TKL, et al. Combined gelatin-chondroitin sulfate hydrogels for controlled release of cationic antibacterial proteins. Macromolecules. 2000; 33:3705–3713.
   Google Scholar
• Eiselt P, Lee KY, Mooney DJ. Rigidity of two-component hydrogels prepared from alginate and poly (ethylene glycol)-diamines. Macromolecules. 1999;32:5561–5566.10.1021/ma990514m
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Nooy AEJ, Masci G, Crescenzi V. Versatile synthesis of polysaccharide hydrogels using the Passerini and Ugi multicomponent condensations. Macromolecules. 1999;32:1318–1320.10.1021/ma9815455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Nooy AEJ, Capitani D, Masci G, et al. Ionic polysaccharide hydrogels via the Passerini and Ugi multicomponent condensations: synthesis, behavior and solid-state NMR characterization. Biomacromolecules. 2000;1:259–267.10.1021/bm005517h
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichi T, Watanabe J, Ooya T, et al. Controllable erosion time and profile in poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels by supramolecular structure of hydrolysable polyrotaxane. Biomacromolecules. 2001;2:204–210.10.1021/bm005617n
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan H, Chu CR, Payne KA, et al. Injectable in situ forming biodegradable chitosan-hyaluronic acid based hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2009;30:2499–2506.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KY, Alsberg E, Mooney DJ. Degradable and injectable poly (aldehyde guluronate) hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2001;56:228–233.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbert DL, Pratt AB, Lutolf MP, et al. Protein delivery from materials formed by self-selective conjugate addition reactions. J. Controlled Release. 2001;76:11–25.10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00398-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giammona G, Pitarresi G, Cavallaro G, et al. New biodegradable hydrogels based on an acryloylated polyaspartamide crosslinked by gamma irradiation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1999;10:969–987.10.1163/156856299X00568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiemstra C, van der Aa LJ, Zhong ZY, et al. Novel in situ forming, degradable dextran hydrogels by Michael addition chemistry: synthesis, rheology, and degradation. Macromolecules. 2007;40:1165–1173.10.1021/ma062468d
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giammona G, Pitarresi G, Cavallaro G, et al. New biodegradable hydrogels based on an acryloylated polyaspartamide cross-linked by gamma irradiation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1999;10:969–987.10.1163/156856299X00568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens P, Anseth KS. Characterization of hydrogels from acrylate modified poly (vinyl alcohol) macromers. Polymer. 2000;41:7715–7722.10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00123-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppas NA, Mikos AG. Preparation methods and structure of hydrogels. In: NA Peppas, editor. Hydrogels in medicine and pharmacy, Vol. I. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1986. Chapter 1; p. 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Peppas NA, Merrill EW. Hydrogels as swollen elastic networks. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1977;21:1763–1770.10.1002/app.1977.070210704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofinas P, Athanasssiou V, Merrill EW. Hydrogels prepared by electron irradiation of poly (ethylene oxide) in water solution: unexpected dependence of density and protein diffusion coefficients on initial PEO molecular weight. Biomaterials. 1996;17:1547–1550.10.1016/0142-9612(96)89781-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill EW, Dennison KA, Sung C. Partitioning and diffusion of solutes in hydrogels of poly (ethylene oxide). Biomaterials. 1993;14:1117–1126.10.1016/0142-9612(93)90154-T
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stringer JL, Peppas NA. Diffusion of small molecular weight drugs in radiation-crosslinked poly (ethylene oxide) hydrogels. J. Controlled Release. 1996;42:195–202.10.1016/0168-3659(96)01457-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbari E, Nozari S. Swelling behavior of acrylic acid hydrogels prepared by γ-radiation crosslinking of polyacrylic acid in aqueous solution. Eur. Polymer J. 2000;36:2685–2692.10.1016/S0014-3057(00)00044-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moerkerke R, Meeussen F, Koningsveld R, et al. Phase transitions in swollen networks. 3. Swelling behavior of radiation crosslinked poly (vinyl methyl ether) in water. Macromolecules. 1998;31:2223–2229.
   Google Scholar
• Arndt KF, Schmidt T, Reichelt R. Thermo-sensitive poly (vinyl methyl ether) micro-gel formed by high energy radiation. Polymer. 2001;42:6785–6791.10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00164-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperinde JJ, Griffith LG. Synthesis and characterization of enzymatically-crosslinked-poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Macromolecules. 1997;30:5255–5264.10.1021/ma970345a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperinde JJ, Griffith LG. Control and predication of gelation kinetics in enzymatically cross-linked poly-(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Macromolecules. 2000;33:5467–5480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim DW, Nettles DL, Setton LA, et al. Rapid cross-linking of elastin-like polypeptides with (hydroxymethyl)phosphines in aqueous solution. Biomacromolecules. 2007;8:1463–1470.10.1021/bm061059m
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Su ZG, Ma GH. A thermo- and pH-sensitive hydrogel composed of quaternized chitosan/glycerophosphate. Int. J. Pharm. 2006;315:1–11.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama F, Masada I, Shimamura K, et al. Morphology and structure of highly elastic poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel prepared by repeated freezing-and- melting. Colloid. Polym. Sci.. 1986;264:595–601.10.1007/BF01412597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji H. Poly(lactide) stereocomplexes: formation, structure, properties, degradation, and applications. Macromol. Biosci. 2005;5:569–597.10.1002/(ISSN)1616-5195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikada Y, Jamshidi K, Tsuji H, et al. Stereocomplex formation between enantiomeric poly (lactides). Macromolecules. 1987;20:904–906.10.1021/ma00170a034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander C. Temperature-and pH-responsive smart polymers for gene delivery. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2006;3:573–581.10.1517/17425247.3.5.573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bignotti F, Penco M, Sartore L, et al. Synthesis, characterisation and solution behavior of thermo-and pH-responsive polymers bearing l-leucine residues in the side chains. Polymer. 2000; 41: 8247-8256.
   Google Scholar
• Garbern JC, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS. Injectable pH-and temperature-responsive poly (N-isopropylacylamide-co-propylacrylic acid) copolymers for delivery of angiogenic growth factors. Biomacromolecules. 2010;11:1833–1839.10.1021/bm100318z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong B, Gutowska A. Lessons from nature: stimuli-responsive polymers and their biomedical applications. Trends Biotechnol. 2002;20:305–311.10.1016/S0167-7799(02)01962-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomme V, Storm SRG, Hennink WE. In situ gelling hydrogels for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Int. J. Pharm. 2008;355:1–18.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogueri LR, Singh S. Smart polymers for controlled delivery of proteins and peptides: a review of patents. Recent. Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul. 2009; 3:40–48.
   Google Scholar
• Ruel-Gariepy E, Leroux JC. In situ-forming hydrogels – review of temperature-sensitive systems. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2004;58:409–426.10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu F, Urban MW. Recent advances and challenges in designing stimuli-responsive polymers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010;35:3–23.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil ES, Hudson SM. Stimuli-responsive polymers and their bioconjugates. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2004;29:1173–1222.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajpai A, Shukla SK, Bhanu S, et al. Responsive polymers in controlled drug delivery. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008;33:1088–1118.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai S, Ravi P, Tam KC. pH-Responsive polymers: synthesis, properties and applications. Soft Matter. 2008;4:435–449.10.1039/b714741d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaine V, Ancla C, Catargi B. Chemically controlled closed-loop insulin delivery. J. Controlled Release. 2008;132:2–11.10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy VD, Cambre JN, Sumerlin BS. Future perspectives and recent advances in stimuli-responsive materials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010;35:278–301.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka IN, Nishio I, Sun ST, et al. Collapse of gels in an electric field. Science. 1982;218:467–469.10.1126/science.218.4571.467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JP, Nitta T, Osada Y. Electro kinetic modeling of the contractile phenomena of polyelectrolyte gels. One-dimensional capillary model. J. Phys. Chem. 1994; 98: 9583–9587.
   Google Scholar
• Sawahata K, Hara M, Yasunaga H, et al. Electrically controlled drug delivery system using polyelectrolyte gels. J. Controlled Release. 1990;14:253–262.10.1016/0168-3659(90)90165-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon IC, Bae YH, Okano T, et al. Drug release from electric current sensitive polymers. J. Controlled Release. 1991;17:149–156.10.1016/0168-3659(91)90054-H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamada A, Tanaka T, Kungwachakun D, et al. Photo induced phase transition of gels. Macromolecules. 1990;23:1517–1519.10.1021/ma00207a046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki A, Tanaka T. Phase transition in polymer gels induced by visible light. Nature. 1990;346:345–347.10.1038/346345a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KK, Cussler EL, Marchetti M, et al. Pressure-dependent phase transitions in hydrogels. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1990;45:766–767.10.1016/0009-2509(90)87019-O
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong X, Wang YX, Wang SC. Pressure dependence of the volume phase transition of temperature-sensitive gels. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1996;51:3235–3239.10.1016/0009-2509(95)00344-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyata T, Asami N, Uragami T. A reversibly antigen-responsive hydrogel. Nature. 1999;399:766–769.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Tanihara M, Nishimura Y, et al. A new drug delivery system with controlled release of antibiotic only in the presence of infection. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998;42:112–116.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanihara M, Suzuki Y, Nishimura Y, et al. Thrombin-sensitive peptide linkers for biological signal-responsive drug release systems. Peptides. 1998;19:421–425.10.1016/S0196-9781(97)00420-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanihara M, Suzuki Y, Nishimura Y, et al. A novel microbial infection-responsive drug release system. J. Pharm. Sci. 1999;88:510–514.10.1021/js980418j
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamadnia Z, Zohuriaan-Mehr AJ, Kabiri K, et al. Bioactive compatible. Polymer. 2007;22:342–356.
   Google Scholar
• Yin LC, Fei LK, Cui FY, et al. Superporous hydrogels containing poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/O-carboxymethyl chitosan interpenetrating polymer networks. Biomaterials. 2007;28:1258–1266.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YX, Wu FP, Li MZ, et al. pH switching on-off semi-IPN hydrogel based on cross-linked poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) and linear polyallyamine. Polymer. 2005;46:7695–7700.10.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ankareddi I, Brazel CS. Int. J. Pharm. 2007;336:241–247.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsusaki M, Sakaguchi H, Serizawa T, et al. Controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor from alginate hydrogels nano-coated with polyelectrolyte multilayer films. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2007;18:775–783.10.1163/156856207781034160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Geest BG, Dejugnat C, Sukhorukov GB, et al. Self-rupturing microcapsules. Adv. Mater. 2005;17:2357–2361.10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buenger D, Topuz F, Groll J. Hydrogels in sensing applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012;37:1678–1719.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen KT, West JL. Photopolymerizable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials. 2002;23:4307–4314.10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00175-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswal D, Hilt JZ. Microscale analysis of patterning reactions via FTIR imaging: application to intelligent hydrogel systems. Polymer. 2006;47:7355–7360.10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton PD, Hostert C, Albrecht K, et al. Structure and properties of urea-crosslinked star poly (ethylene oxide)-ran-(propylene oxide) hydrogels. Macromol. Biosci. 2008;8:923–931.10.1002/mabi.v8:10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopecek J, Yang JY. Peptide-directed self-assembly of hydrogels. Acta. Biomater. 2009;5:805–816.
   Google Scholar
• Vandermeulen GWM, Tziatzios C, Duncan R, et al. PEG-based hybrid block copolymers containing alpha-helical coiled coil peptide sequences: control of self-assembly and preliminary biological evaluation. Macromolecules. 2005;38:761–769.10.1021/ma0485538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toledano S, Williams RJ, Jayawarna V, et al. Enzyme-triggered self-assembly of peptide hydrogels via reversed hydrolysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006;128:1070–1071.10.1021/ja056549l
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galler KM, Aulisa L, Regan KR, et al. Self-assembling multidomain peptide hydrogels: designed susceptibility to enzymatic cleavage allows enhanced cell migration and spreading. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010;132:3217–3223.10.1021/ja910481t
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CC, Metters AT, Anseth KS. Functional PEG-peptide hydrogels to modulate local inflammation induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF alpha. Biomaterials. 2009;30:4907–4914.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dankers PYW, Harmsen MC, Brouwer LA, et al. A modular and supramolecular approach to bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering. Nat. Mater. 2005;4:568–574.10.1038/nmat1418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Um SH, Lee JB, Park N, et al. Enzyme-catalysed assembly of DNA hydrogel. Nat. Mater. 2006;5:797–801.10.1038/nmat1741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horkay F, Basser PJ. Osmotic observations on chemically crosslinked DNA gels in physiological salt solutions. Biomacromolecules. 2004;5:232–237.10.1021/bm034372m
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida R, Uchida K, Kaneko Y, et al. Comb-type grafted hydrogels with rapid de-swelling response to temperature changes. Nature. 1995;374:240–242.10.1038/374240a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irie M, Misumi Y, Tanaka T. Stimuli-responsive polymers – chemical induced reversible separation of an aqueous solution of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) with pendent crown ether groups. Polymer. 1993;34:4531–4535.10.1016/0032-3861(93)90160-C
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KK, Cussler EL, Marchetti M, et al. Pressure-dependent phase-transitions in hydrogels. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1990;45:766–767.10.1016/0009-2509(90)87019-O
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohon K, Krause S. An electrorheological fluid and siloxane gel based electromechanical actuator: working toward an artificial muscle. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 1998; 36:1091–1094.
   Google Scholar
• Horkay F, Tasaki I, Basser PJ. Osmotic swelling of polyacrylate hydrogels in physiological salt solutions. Biomacromolecules. 2000;1:84–90.10.1021/bm9905031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta KM, Barnes SR, Tangaro RA, et al. Temperature and pH sensitive hydrogels: an approach towards smart semen-triggered vaginal microbicidal vehicles. J. Pharm. Sci. 2007;96:670–681.10.1002/jps.20752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao B, Moore JS. Fast pH- and ionic strength-responsive hydrogels in microchannels. Langmuir. 2001;17:4758–4763.10.1021/la001709m
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju XJ, Chu LY, Liu L, et al. A novel thermoresponsive hydrogel with ion-recognition property through supramolecular host-guest complexation. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2008;112:1112–1118.10.1021/jp709746w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan CM, Doyle FJ, Peppas NA. Dynamic behavior of glucose responsive poly (methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Macromolecules. 1997;30:6166–6173.10.1021/ma970117g
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyata T, Asami N, Uragami T. A reversibly antigen-responsive hydrogel. Nature. 1999;399:766–769.
   Google Scholar
• Tessmar JK, Gopferich AM. Matrices and scaffolds for protein delivery in tissue engineering. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2007;59:274–291.10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland TA, Tessmar JK, Tabata Y, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 release from oligo poly (ethylene glycol) fumarate) hydrogels in conditions that model the cartilage wound healing environment. J. Controlled Release. 2004;94:101–114.10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohane DS, Langer R. Polymeric biomaterials in tissue engineering. Pediatr. Res. 2008;63:487–491.10.1203/01.pdr.0000305937.26105.e7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SW, Bae YH, Okano T. Hydrogels: swelling, drug loading, and release. Pharm. Res. 1992;9:283–290.10.1023/A:1015887213431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CC, Metters AT. Hydrogels in controlled release formulations: network design and mathematical modeling. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2006;58:1379–1408.10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoare TR, Kohane DS. Hydrogels in drug delivery: progress and challenges. Polymer. 2008;49:1993–2007.10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen LK, Narasimhan B. Combinatorial design of biomaterials for drug delivery: opportunities and challenges. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2008;5:837–846.10.1517/17425247.5.8.837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutolf MP, Hubbell JA. Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. Nat. Biotechnol. 2005;23:47–55.10.1038/nbt1055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KY, Mooney DJ. Hydrogels for tissue engineering. Chem. Revs. 2001;101:1869–1879.
   Google Scholar
• Hutmacher DW. Scaffold design and fabrication technologies for engineering tissues – state of the art and future perspectives. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2001;12:107–124.10.1163/156856201744489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar