The Principalship as a Career: Analyzing the Factors Shaping Interest in the Principalship in Ethiopia

References

• Acquaro, D., & Stokes, H. (2016). Female teacher identities and leadership aspirations in neoliberal times. International Studies in Educational Administration, 44(1), 129–144. https://rest.neptune-prod.its.unimelb.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/3456baac-0f18-5653-9296-5c70fb934c41/content
   Google Scholar
• Alemu, D. S., & Tekleselassie, A. A. (2006). Instructional language policy in Ethiopia: Motivated by politics or the educational needs of children. Journal of Planning and Changing, 37(3), 151–168.
   Google Scholar
• Aliye, A. A. (2020). African indigenous leadership philosophy and democratic governance system: Gada’s intersectionality with Ubuntu. Journal of Black Studies, 51(7), 727–759. doi:http://doi.org/10.1177/0021934720938053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambo, A., Dabi, K., & Chan, T. (2021). Stakeholder’ perception of political influence on quality management of secondary education in Ethiopia. Educational Planning, 28(1), 35–53. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1284818.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Arar, K. (2018). Policy and praxis of principals’ appointment: The case of Palestinian-Arab minority education in Israel. International Journal of Educational Development, 62, 226–233. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2018.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barty, T., Blackmore, J., & Sachs, J. (2009). Unpacking the issues: Researching the shortage of school principals in two states in Australia. The Australian Educational Researcher, 32, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03216824
   Google Scholar
• Barty, K., Thomson, P., Blackmore, J., & Sachs, S. (2005). Unpacking the issues: Researching the shortage of school principals in two states in Australia. The Australian Education Researcher, 32(3), 1–18. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF03216824.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, T. (2006). To be or not to be: Issues influencing educators’ decisions to enter the principalship. Journal of Scholarship and Practice, 2(4), 19–31. https://www.aasa.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/Journals/AASA_Journal_of_Scholarship_and_Practice/Winter2006FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Behling, O., Labovitz, G., & Gainer, M. (1968). College recruiting: A theoretical basis. Personnel Journal, 47, 13–19.
   Google Scholar
• Bowers, A., & White, B. (2014). Do principal preparation and teacher qualifications influence different types of school growth trajectories in Illinois? A growth mixture model analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 52, 705–736. doi:10.7916/D8FF3QJJ
   Google Scholar
• Branch, G., Hanushek, E., & Rivkin, S. (2012). Estimating the effect of leader on public sector productivity: The case of school principals (working paper No. 17803). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17803/w17803.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brody, J., Vissa, J., & Weather, J. (2010). School leader professional socialization: The contribution of focused observations. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 5(14), 611–651. doi:10.1177/194277511000501401
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020). Occupational outlook handbook: Elementary, middle, and high school principals. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/elementary-middle-and-high-school-principals.htm
   Google Scholar
• Bush, T. (2009). Leadership development and school improvement: Contemporary issues in leadership development. Educational Review, 61(4), 375–389. doi:10.1080/00131910903403956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, T., Fadare, M., Chirimambowa, T., Enukorah, E., Musa, D., Nur, H., & Shipota, M. (2022). Instructional leadership in sub-Saharan Africa: Policy and practice. International Journal of Educational Management, 36(1), 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-01-2021-0027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, T., & Glover, D. (2016). School leadership and management in South Africa: Findings from a systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Management, 30(2), 211–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-07-2014-0101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley, V., & Shen, J. (1999). Who will lead? The top ten factors that influence teachers moving into administration. National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin, 83(606), 75–80.
   Google Scholar
• Cranston, N. (2007). What do we know about the middle-level school leaders in New Zealand? An exploratory study of Auckland secondary deputy and assistant principals. New Zealand Journal of Educational Leadership, 22(1), 16–30.
   Google Scholar
• Crow, G., & Walker, A. (2006). Complexity and the beginning principal in the United States: Perspectives on socialization. Journal of Educational Administration, 44(4), 310–325. doi:10.1108/09578230610674930
   Google Scholar
• DeMatthews, D., Knight, D., & Shin, J. (2022). The Principal-Teacher Churn: Understanding the Relationship Between Leadership Turnover and Teacher Attrition. Educational Adminstration Quarterly, 58(1), 76–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2020). Teachers’ and School Heads’ salaries and allowances in Europe – 2018/19. Eurydice facts and figures. Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.minedu.gov.gr/publications/docs2020/euridiki_teacher%20salaries%202018-19_%20Final%20report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ferrigno, T. (2003). Being a principal: Role conception, initial socialization, role-identity transformation, purposeful engagement. Educational Administration Quarterly, 39(4), 468–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X03255561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, T. (1983). Human stress, work, and job satisfaction: A critical approach. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labor Office. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_protect/—protrav/—safework/documents/publication/wcms_250134.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Goldring, R., & Taie, S. (2014). Principal attrition and mobility: Results from the 2012–2013 principal follow-up survey (NCES 2014-064EV). Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/2014064rev.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Grissom, J., Bartanen, B., & Mitani, H. (2019). Principal sorting and the distribution of principal quality. AERA Open, 5(2), 1–21. doi:10.1177/2332858419850094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grissom, J., Egalite, A., & Lindsay, C. (2021). How principals affect students and schools: A systematic synthesis of two decades of research. New York: The Wallace Foundation. http://www.wallacefoundation.org/principalsynthesis
   Google Scholar
• Grogan, M. (2008). The short term of women superintendents: A case of gender and politics. Journal of School Leadership, 18(2), 665–660. doi:10.1177/105268460801800604
   Google Scholar
• Gurmu, T. G. (2018). Development of the Ethiopian school leadership: Foundation, self-dependence, and historical erratic evolution. Journal of Educational Administration History, 50(4), 343–363. doi:10.1080/00220620.2018.1512956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurmu, T. G. (2020). Primary school principals in Ethiopia: Selection and preparation. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(4), 651–681. doi:10.1177/1741143219836673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, E. (2020). Collective bargaining and charter school principals and school performance. Leadership and Policy in Schools. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2020.1759649
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, D., Müller, U., Wang, C., & Hachen, J. (2019). Factors influencing school principals’ motivation to become principals in the U.S.A. and Germany. International Journal of Educational Research, 95, 90–96. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2019.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, S., Arnold, M., Lowery, S., & Crocker, C. (2002). What factors motivate and inhibit women when deciding to become a principal? In S. Korcheck & M. Reese (Eds.), Women as school executives: Research and reflections on educational leadership (pp. 252–260). Austin: Texas Council of Women School Executives.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, A. (1993). Principal succession: Establishing leadership in schools. Ithaca: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D., Lemeshow, S., & Cook, E. (2001). Applied logistic regression: Book and solution manual. New York: John Willey & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Howley, A., Andrianaivo, S., & Perry, J. (2005). The pain outweighs the gain: Why teachers don’t want to become principals. Teachers College Record, 107, 4757–4782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannone, R. (2001). The inner voices of principals. Education, 107, 326–332.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, S. (2011). School leadership and its effect on student achievement. International Journal of Educational Management, 25(1), 33–44.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, L., & Kaur, G. (2021). Contextual support and career aspirations of working women. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 8(1), 54–78. doi:10.1177/2322093720967803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, R. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kunter, M. H., Nachtsheim, C., Neter, J., & Li, W. (2005). Applied linear statistical models (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 5–22. doi:10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, S., Scott, C., Yang, M., Leung, M., & Bradley, K. (2020). Supporting a strong, stable principal workforce: What matters and what can be done? (Research report). National Association of Secondary School Principals and Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/product-files/NASSP_LPI_Supporting_Strong_Stable_Principal_Workforce_REPORT.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., & Bellibas, M. (2018). School factors that are related to school principal job satisfaction and organizational commitment. International Journal of Educational Research, 90, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2018.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Fuller, B., Hester, K., Bennett, R., & Dickerson, M. (2018). Linking authentic leadership to subordinate behaviors. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(2), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2016-0327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lochmiller, C., Adachi, E., Chesnut, C., & Johnson, J. (2016). Retention, attrition, and mobility among teachers and administrators in West Virginia (REL 2016-161). Washington, DC: Regional Education Laboratory Appalachia, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Educational Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED568148.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Loeb, S., Kalogrides, D., & Horng, E. (2010). Principal preferences and the uneven distribution of principals across schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 32(2), 205–229. doi:10.3102/0162373710369833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lortie, D. (2009). School principal: Managing in public. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lyer, P., Rolleston, C., Rose, P., & Woldehanna, T. (2020). A rising tide of access: What consequences for equitable learning in Ethiopia? Oxford Review of Education, 46, 601–618. doi:10.1080/03054985.2020.1741343Iyer
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maforah, T. P., & Schulze, S. (2012). The job satisfaction of principals of previously disadvantaged schools: New light on an old issue. South African Journal of Education, 32(3), 227–239. doi:10.15700/saje.v32n3a571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manna, P. (2015). Developing excellent school principals to advance teaching and learning: Considerations for state policy. New York, NY: The Wallace Foundation. http://www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/Pages/Developing-ExcellentSchool-Principals.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Marshal, C., & Kasten, K. (1194). The administrative career: A casebook on entry, equity, and endurance. Crowing Press, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Mavrogordato, M., & White, R. (2020). Leveraging Policy Implementation for Social Justice: How School Leaders Shape Educational Opportunity When Implementing Policy for English Learners. Educational Administration Quarterly, 56(1), 3–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menard, S. (2000). Coefficient of determination for multiple logistic regression analysis. The American Statistician, 54(1), 17–24. doi:10.2307/2685605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mestry, R. (2017). Empowering principals to lead and manage public schools effectively in the 21st century. South African Journal of Education, 37(1), 1–11. doi:10.15700/saje.v37n1a1334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. (2017). Education statistics annual abstract. Ethiopia: Author.
   Google Scholar
• MoE (2018). Education Statistics: Annual Abstract, Federal Ministry of Education, Ethiopia. https://aacaebc.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/2009-annual-abstract.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Newcomb, W., & Welton, A. (2013). Introduction: Women leading for social justice. Journal of School Leadership, 23(4), 586–591. doi:10.1177/105268461302300401
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz, F. (1982). Career patterns in education: Women, men, and minorities in educational administration. New York: Praeger. doi:10.2307/1169911
   Google Scholar
• Papa, F. (2007). Why do principals change schools? A multivariate analysis of principal retention. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 6, 267–290.
   Google Scholar
• Pijanowski, J., & Brady, K. (2009). The Influence of Salary in Attracting and Retaining School Leaders. Education and Urban Society, 42(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124509342952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plessis, P. (2017). Challenges for rural school leaders in a developing context: A case study on leadership practices of effective rural principals. KOERS — Bulletin for Christian Scholarship, 82(3). doi:10.19108/KOERS.82.3.2337
   Google Scholar
• Pounder, D., & Merrill, R. (2001). Job desirability of the high school principal: A job choice theory perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(1), 27–57. doi:10.1177/0013161X01371003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrestoN, J., & Kooymans, R. (2013). Common challenges faced by rural principals: A review of the literature. The Rural Educator, 35(1), 19–31. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1022612.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rivera-McCutchen, R. L. (2019). Armed love in school leadership: Resisting inequality and injustice in schooling. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 18(2), 237–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative research (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Schuman, H., & Presser, S. (1979). The open and closed question. American Sociological Review, 44(5), 692–712. doi:10.2307/2094521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakeshaft, C. (1989). Women in educational administration. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Shenhav, S., Geffon, A., Salomon, L., & Glanz, J. (2021). Encouraging and discouraging factors to become an Israeli leader in religious schools: Implications for reforming bureaucratic mandates of the Ministry of Education. International Journal of Educational Reform, 30(1), 77–97.
   Google Scholar
• Shenv, S., Geffon, A., Salomon, L., & Glanz, J. (2020). Encouraging and discouraging factors in the decision to become an Israeli leader in religious schools: Implications for reforming bureaucratic mandates of the Ministry of Education. International Journal of Educational Reform, 30(1), 77–97. doi:10.1177/1056787920957029
   Google Scholar
• Shields, C. (2010). Transformative leadership: Working for equity in diverse contexts. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(4), 558–589. doi:10.1177/0013161X10375609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields, C. (2011). Transformative leadership: An introduction. In C. Shields (Ed.), Transformative leadership: A reader (pp. 1–17). Peter Lang Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Shoho, A., & Bernet, B. (2010). The realities of new principles: Challenges, joys, and sorrows. Journal of School Leadership, 20(5), 561–596. doi:10.1177/105268461002000503
   Google Scholar
• Simon, S. (2015). Fire in the belly or rocks in the head? Why do some teachers dream of becoming a school principal? Leading and Managing, 21(1), 53–64.
   Google Scholar
• Spillane, J., & Lee, L. (2014). Novice School Principals’ Sense of Ultimate Responsibility: Problems of Practice in Transitioning to the Principal’s Office. Educational Administration Quarterly, 50(3), 431–465. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X1350529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, H. (2006). Moving towards, into, and through principalship: Developing a framework for researching career trajectories of school leaders. Journal of Educational Administration, 44(4), 408–420. doi:10.1108/09578230610676604
   Google Scholar
• Sun, M., & Ni, Y. (2016). Work environments and labor markets: Explaining principal turnover gap between charter schools and traditional public schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 52, 144–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamrat, W. (2018, December 17). Gender parity in Ethiopia: Realities and hopes. The World View. https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/gender-parity-ethiopia-realities-and-hopes
   Google Scholar
• Teferra, S. (1991). The education of women in Ethiopia: A missing piece in the development puzzle. The Ethiopian Journal of Education, 10, 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Tekleselassie, A. (2002). The de-professionalization of school principalship: Implications for reforming school leadership in Ethiopia. Journal of International Studies in Educational Administration, 30(3), 57–64.
   Google Scholar
• Tekleselassie, A., & DeCuir, A. (2019). School leadership in Ethiopia: Reinventing the principalship through locally responsive policies. In P. Litchka (Ed.), Searching for the global answers (pp. 39–57). Rowan and Little Field.
   Google Scholar
• Tekleselassie, A., & DeCuir, A. (2021). Implementers as filters of fit and quality: Towards Indigenous and locally responsive leadership preparation program in Ethiopia. Journal of Research on Leadership Education. doi:10.1177/19427751211053560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekleselassie, A., & Roach, V. (2021). Leveraging women’s leadership talent to promote a social justice agenda in Ethiopian schools. Teachers College Record, 123(8), 176–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekleselassie, A., & Villarreal, P. (2011). Career mobility and departure intentions among school principals in the United States. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 10(10), 251–293.
   Google Scholar
• Titie, A., & Haque, M. (2017). Experiences and challenges of women leaders in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Management, 3(1), 99–127. doi:10.1080/23322373.2017.1278663
   Google Scholar
• Tran, H. (2017). The impact of pay satisfaction and school achievement on high school principals’ turnover intentions. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(4), 621–638. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143216636115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ummanel, A., McNamara, G., & Stynes, M. (2016). The career paths of primary school principals in Ireland. Irish Educational Studies, 35(1), 57–71. doi:10.1080/03323315.2016.1151373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F. (2018). Social Justice Leadership—Theory and Practice: A case of Ontario. Educational Adminstration Quarterly, 54(3), 470–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Hancock, D., Lim, J., Müller, C., Tulowitzki, P., & Stricker, T. (2021). Perspectives of South Korean School Principals on Job Satisfaction: In Comparison to German and U.S. Principals. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 20(4), 563–578. doi:10.1080/15700763.2019.1696372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldesilassie, A. (2018). Improving quality education in Ethiopia: Policy brief. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Development Research Institute. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324138361
   Google Scholar
• Westhuizen, P., & Van Vuuren, H. (2007). Professionalising principalship in South Africa. South African Journal of Education, 27(3), 431–445. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1150217.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, P., & Morgenthal, J. (2002). Principal recruitment in a reform environment: Effects of school achievement and school level on applicant attraction to the job. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38, 319–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, P., Rinehart, J., & Munoz, M. (2002). Principal recruitment: An empirical evaluation of a school district’s internal pool of principal certified personnel. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 16(2), 275–286. doi:10.1177/105268460701700102
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. (2021). The World Bank in Ethiopia https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/etiopia/overview#1
   Google Scholar
• Young, M., Mountford, M., & Skria, L. (2006). Infusing gender and diversity issues into educational leadership programs: Transformational learning and resistance. Journal of Educational Administration, 44(3), 277–280. doi:10.1108/09578230610664850
   Google Scholar