324
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research articles

Pathogens in urban wastewaters suitable for reuse

, , , , , & show all
Pages 291-301 | Received 11 Jul 2008, Accepted 04 Dec 2008, Published online: 12 Aug 2009

References

  • Adeniyi , I. F. and Olabanji , I. O. 2005 . The physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of rain water collected over different roofing materials in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria . Chemistry and Ecology , 21 ( 3 ) : 149 – 166 .
  • Albrechtsen , H. J. 2002 . Microbiological investigations of rain water and graywater collected for toilet flushing . Water Science and Technology , 46 ( 6–7 ) : 311 – 316 .
  • Almeida , M. C. , Butler , D. and Friedler , E. 1999 . At-source domestic wastewater quality . Urban Water , 1 : 49 – 55 .
  • Al-Nakshabandi , G. A. 1997 . Some environmental problems associated with the use of treated wastewater for irrigation in Jordan . Agricultural Water Management , 34 : 81 – 94 .
  • Alonso , M. C. 2006 . Microbiological quality of reclaimed water used for golf courses' irrigation . Water Science and Technology , 54 ( 3 ) : 109 – 117 .
  • Anderson , J. M. 1996 . Current water recycling initiatives in Australia: scenarios for the 21st century . Water Science and Technology , 33 ( 10–11 ) : 37 – 43 .
  • Anthony , J.-P. , Fyfe , L. and Smith , H. 2005 . Plant active components – a resource for antiparasitic agents . TRENDS in Parasitology , 21 ( 10 ) : 462 – 468 .
  • Appan , A. 1999 . A dual-mode system for harnessing roofwater for non-potable uses . Urban Water , 1 ( 4 ) : 317 – 321 .
  • Asano , T. 1998 . Wastewater reclamation and reuse. Water quality management library , Vol. 10 , Lancaster, , USA : Technomic Publishing Company .
  • Asano , T. 2007 . Water reuse: issues, technologies, and applications , 1st ed. , New York : Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill .
  • Atlas , R. M. 1999 . Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control . Environmental Microbiology , 1 ( 4 ) : 283 – 293 .
  • Bahri , A. 2001 . Reuse of reclaimed wastewater for golf course irrigation in Tunisia . Water Science and Technology , 43 ( 10 ) : 117 – 124 .
  • Barker , J. and Jones , M. V. 2005 . The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet . Journal of Applied Microbiology , 99 : 339 – 347 .
  • Beggs , C. B. 2003 . The airborne transmission of infection in hospital buildings: fact or fiction? . Indoor and Built Environment , 12 ( 1–2 ) : 9 – 18 .
  • Beuchat , L. R. 2002 . Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables . Microbes and Infection , 4 ( 4 ) : 413 – 423 .
  • Birks , R. 2004 . Microbiological water quality in a large in-building, water recycling facility . Water Science and Technology , 50 ( 2 ) : 165 – 172 .
  • Birks , R. and Hills , S. 2007 . Characterisation of indicator organisms and pathogens in domestic grey water for recycling . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , 129 : 61 – 69 .
  • Black , R. E. 1988 . Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 157 ( 3 ) : 472 – 479 .
  • Burrows , W. D. 1991 . Nonpotable reuse: development of health criteria and technologies for shower water recycle . Water Science and Technology , 24 ( 9 ) : 81 – 88 .
  • Casanova , L. M. 2001a . A survey of the microbial quality of recycled household graywater . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 37 ( 5 ) : 1313 – 1319 .
  • Casanova , L. M. , Gerba , C. P. and Karpiscak , M. 2001b . Chemical and microbial characterization of household graywater . Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering , 36 ( 4 ) : 395 – 401 .
  • Christova-Boal , D. , Eden , R. E. and McFarlane , S. 1996 . An investigation into grey water reuse for urban residential properties . Desalination , 106 : 391 – 397 .
  • Cohen , M. B. 1999 . Validation and characterization of a human volunteer challenge model for cholera by using frozen bacteria of the new Vibrio cholerae epidemic serotype, O139 . Infection and Immunity , 67 ( 12 ) : 6346 – 6349 .
  • Cogan , T. A. , Bloomfield , S. F. and Humphrey , T. J. 1999 . The effectiveness of hygiene procedures for prevention of cross-contamination from chicken carcasses in the domestic kitchen . Letters in Applied Microbiology , 29 : 354 – 358 .
  • Crabtree , K. D. 1996 . Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in cistern water in the U.S. Virgin Islands . Water Science and Technology , 30 : 208 – 216 .
  • Crockett , C. S. 1996 . Prevalence of shigellosis in the US: consistency with dose-response information . International Journal of Food Microbiology , 30 ( 1–2 ) : 87 – 99 .
  • Dallas , S. and Ho , G. 2005 . Subsurface flow reedbeds using alternative media for the treatment of domestic grey water in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Central America . Water Science and Technology , 51 ( 10 ) : 119 – 128 .
  • Dixon , A. 1999 . Measurement and modelling of quality changes in stored untreated grey water . Urban Water , 1 : 293 – 306 .
  • Eberhart-Phillips , J. 1997 . Campylobacteriosis in New Zealand: results of a case-control study . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 51 : 686 – 691 .
  • Eriksson , E. 2003 . Household chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater . Water SA , 29 ( 2 ) : 135 – 146 .
  • Evans , C. A. , Coombes , P. J. and Dunstan , R. H. 2006 . Wind, rain and bacteria: The effect of weather on the microbial composition of roof-harvested rain water . Water Research , 40 : 37 – 44 .
  • Evans , S. A. 1996 . Lung function in bronchiectasis: the influence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . European Respiratory Journal , 9 ( 8 ) : 1601 – 1604 .
  • Falkinham , J. O. 2003 . Mycobacterial aerosols and respiratory disease . Emerging Infectious Diseases , 9 ( 7 ) : 763 – 767 .
  • Fane , S. A. , Ashbolt , N. J. and White , S. B. 2002 . Decentralised urban water reuse: the implications of system scale for cost and pathogen risk . Water Science and Technology , 46 ( 6–7 ) : 281 – 288 .
  • Fannin , K. F. , Vana , S. C. and Jakubowski , W. 1985 . Effect of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant on ambient air densities of aerosols containing bacteria and viruses . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 49 ( 5 ) : 1191 – 1196 .
  • Fewtrell , L. 2008 . “ Health impact assessment of grey water reuse in the UK ” . In Health impact assessment for sustainable water management , Edited by: Fewtrell , L. and Kay , D. London : IWA Publishing .
  • Fewtrell , L. and Kay , D. 2008 . “ Rain water harvesting – a health impact assessment of rain water harvesting in the UK ” . In Health impact assessment for sustainable water management , Edited by: Fewtrell , L. and Kay , D. London : IWA Publishing .
  • Friedler , E. 2004 . Quality of individual domestic grey water streams and its implication for on-site treatment and reuse possibilities . Environmental Technology , 25 ( 9 ) : 997 – 1008 .
  • Friedler , E. , Kovalio , R. and Galil , N. I. 2005 . On-site grey water treatment and reuse in multi-storey buildings . Water Science and Technology , 51 ( 10 ) : 187 – 194 .
  • Friedler , E. , Kovalio , R. and Ben-Zvi , A. 2006 . Comparative study of the microbial quality of grey water treated by three on-site treatment systems . Environmental Technology , 27 : 653 – 663 .
  • Fittschen , I. and Niemczynowicz , J. 1997 . Experiences with dry sanitation and grey water treatment in the ecovillage Toarp, Sweden . Water Science and Technology , 35 ( 9 ) : 161 – 170 .
  • Fujioka , R. S. , Bonilla , A. J. and Rijal , G. K. 1999 . The microbial quality of a wetland reclamation facility used to produce an effluent for unrestricted non-potable reuse . Water Science and Technology , 40 ( 4–5 ) : 369 – 374 .
  • Gerba , C. P. , Wallis , C. and Melnick , J. L. 1975 . Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms . Applied Environmental Microbiology , 30 ( 2 ) : 229 – 237 .
  • Gerba , C. P. 1995 . Water quality study of graywater treatment systems . Water Resources Bulletin , 31 ( 1 ) : 109 – 116 .
  • Gilboa , Y. and Friedler , E. 2008 . UV disinfection of RBC treated light grey water effluent: kinetics, survival and regrowth of selected microorganisms . Water Research , 42 ( 4–5 ) : 1043 – 1050 .
  • Goldmann , D. A. 2000 . Transmission of viral respiratory infections in the home . The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , 19 ( 10 ) : S97 – 102 .
  • Grant , A. 2006 . Sustainable water systems schemes and technologies: monitoring results from Inkerman D'Lux CSIRO Urban Water, Australia, CMIT 2006–030
  • Griffin , P. M. and Tauxe , R. V. 1991 . The epidemiology of infections caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, other enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and the associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome . Epidemiology Review , 13 : 60 – 98 .
  • Gross , A. 2005 . Environmental impact and health risks associated with grey water irrigation: a case study . Water Science and Technology , 52 ( 8 ) : 161 – 169 .
  • Günther , F. 2000 . Wastewater treatment by grey water separation: outline for a biologically based grey water purification plant in Sweden . Ecological Engineering , 15 : 139 – 146 .
  • Hardalo , C. and Edberg , S. C. 1997 . Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk from drinking water . Critical Reviews in Microbiology , 23 ( 1 ) : 47 – 75 .
  • Holländer , R. 1996 . [Microbiological and hygienic aspects of the use of rain water as process water for toilet flushing, garden irrigation and laundering] . Gesundheitswesen , 58 : 288 – 293 . [Article in German]
  • Howard , I. 2004 . Evaluation of microbiological and physicochemical indicators for wastewater treatment . Environmental Toxicology , 19 ( 3 ) : 241 – 249 .
  • Huertas , E. 2008 . Key objectives for water reuse concepts . Desalination , 218 : 120 – 131 .
  • Jefferson , B. 2004 . Grey water characterisation and its impact on the selection and operation of technologies for urban reuse . Water Science and Technology , 50 ( 2 ) : 157 – 164 .
  • Kay , D. 2008 . Faecal indicator organism concentrations in sewage and treated effluents . Water Research , 42 ( 1–2 ) : 442 – 554 .
  • Kothary , M. H. and Babu , U. S. 2001 . Infective dose of foodborne pathogens in volunteers: a review . Journal of Food Safety , 21 ( 1 ) : 49 – 73 .
  • Leclerc , H. , Schwartzbrod , L. and Dei-Cas , E. 2004 . “ Microbial agents associated with waterbourne diseases ” . Edited by: Cloete , T. E. London : IWA Publishing .
  • Lye , D. J. 1992 . Microbiology of rain water cistern systems: a review . Journal of Environmental Science and Health , A27 ( 8 ) : 2123 – 2166 .
  • Lye , D. J. 2002 . Health risks associated with consumption of untreated water from household roof catchment systems . Journal of the American Water Resources Association , 38 ( 5 ) : 1301 – 1306 .
  • May , S. and Prado , R. T.A. 2006 . Experimental evaluation of rain water quality for non-potable applications in the city of São Paulo, Brazil . Urban Water Journal , 3 ( 3 ) : 145 – 151 .
  • Merz , C. 2007 . Membrane bioreactor for the treatment of grey water from a sports and leisure club . Desalination , 215 : 37 – 43 .
  • Nolde , E. 1999 . Grey water reuse systems for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings – over ten years experience in Berlin . Urban Water , 1 : 275 – 284 .
  • Okhuysen , P. C. 1999 . Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 180 ( 4 ) : 1275 – 1281 .
  • Ottoson , J. and Stenström , T. A. 2003a . Faecal contamination of grey water and associated microbial risks . Water Research , 37 ( 3 ) : 645 – 655 .
  • Ottoson , J. and Stenström , T. A. 2003b . Growth and reduction of microorganisms in sediments collected from a graywater treatment system . Letters in Applied Microbiology , 36 : 168 – 172 .
  • Ottoson , J. 2006 . Removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators in conventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant . Water Research , 40 ( 7 ) : 1449 – 1457 .
  • Ramon , G. 2004 . Low strength graywater characterization and treatment by direct membrane filtration . Desalination , 170 : 241 – 250 .
  • Rose , J. B. 1991 . Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in graywater from various household sources . Water Research , 25 ( 1 ) : 37 – 42 .
  • Rose , J. B. 1996 . Removal of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms by a full-scale water reclamation facility . Water Research , 30 ( 11 ) : 2785 – 2797 .
  • Rose , J. B. 2001 . Reduction of enteric microorganisms at the upper occoquan sewage authority water reclamation plant . Water Environment Research , 73 ( 6 ) : 711 – 720 .
  • Rose , B. E. 2002 . Testing for Salmonella in raw meat and poultry products collected at federally inspected establishments in the United States, 1998 through 2000 . Journal of Food Protection , 65 ( 6 ) : 937 – 947 .
  • Sazakli , E. , Alexopoulos , A. and Leotsinidis , M. 2007 . Rain water harvesting, quality assessment and utilization in Kefalonia, Greece . Water Research , 41 : 2039 – 2047 .
  • Schlech , W. F. 1985 . Legionnaires' disease in the Carribean. An outbreak associated with a resort hotel . Archives of Internal Medicine , 145 : 2076 – 2079 .
  • Shannon , K. E. 2007 . Application of real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of selected bacterial pathogens during municipal wastewater treatment . Science of the Total Environment , 382 : 121 – 129 .
  • Simmons , G. 2001 . Contamination of potable roof-collected rain water in Auckland, New Zealand . Water Research , 35 ( 6 ) : 1518 – 1524 .
  • Surendran , S. and Wheatley , A. D. 1998 . Grey-water reclamation for non-potable re-use . Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM) , 12 : 406 – 413 .
  • Tchobanoglous , G. and Angelakis , A. N. 1996 . Technologies for wastewater treatment appropriate for reuse: potential for applications in Greece . Water Science and Technology , 33 : 15 – 24 .
  • Tchobanoglous , G. , Burton , F. L. and Stensel , H. D. 2003 . Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse , 4th ed. , New York : Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill .
  • Tuffley , R. E. and Holbeche , J. D. 1980 . Isolation of the Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum complex from tank water in Queensland, Australia . Applied Environmental Microbiology , 39 : 48 – 53 .
  • USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) . 2004 . Guidelines for water reuse , Washington, DC, , USA : USEPA . Report EPA/625/R-04/108
  • Wertheim , H. F.L. 2005 . The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections . Lancet Infectious Diseases , 5 ( 12 ) : 751 – 762 .
  • Yaziz , M. I. 1989 . Variations in rain water quality from roof catchments . Water Research , 23 ( 6 ) : 761 – 765 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.