Using sensitivity analysis to identify the critical factors that lower the factor of safety of large-diameter cast iron mains

References

• AASHTO, 2012. Bridge Design Specifications, Customary US Units. 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
   Google Scholar
• Advanced Condition Assessment and Pipe Failure Prediction (ACAPFP), 2015. The Advanced Condition Assessment & Pipe Failure Project. Critical Pipes. Available from: www.criticalpipes.com [Accessed 8 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Ahammed, M. and Melchers, R.E., 1994. Reliability of underground pipelines subjected to corrosion. ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, 120 (6), 989–1002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Standards Association, 1939. A21.2-1939 American standard specification for cast iron pit cast pipe for water or other liquids. Journal of the AWWA, 31 (12), 1–46.
   Google Scholar
• American Standards Association, 1953. A21.8-1953 (AWWA C108-53) American Standard Specification for Cast Iron Pipe Centrifugally Cast in Sand-Lined Molds for Water or Other Liquids. Journal of the AWWA, 45 (12), 207–230.
   Google Scholar
• American Water Works Association, 2012. Buried No Longer: Confronting America’s Water Infrastructure Challenge. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association.
   Google Scholar
• Brazier, L.G., 1927. On the flexure of thin cylindrical shells and other ‘thin’ sections. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 116 (773), 104–114.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, P. and Marlow, D., 2008. Asset management: Quantifying economic lifetime of large-diameter pipelines. Journal of the AWWA, 100 (7), 110–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., 2012. Water Main Break Rates in the USA and Canada: A Comprehensive Study. Logan, UT: Buried Structures Lab, Utah State University.
   Google Scholar
• Goodrich, G.M., 2008. Introduction to Cast Iron. Materials Park, OH: ASM Handbook. ASM International, 785–811.
   Google Scholar
• Hoeg, K., 1968. Stresses against underground structural cylinders. ASCE Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 94 (4), 833–858.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., Bae, C., Woo, H., Kim, J., and Hong, S., 2007 Assessment of residual tensile strength on cast iron pipes. Proceedings of the ASCE International Conference on Pipeline Engineering and Construction, Boston, MA: ASCE.
   Google Scholar
• Makar, J.M., Desnoyer, R., and McDonald, S.E., 2000. Failure modes and mechanisms in gray cast iron pipe. Waterloo, ON: Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Makar, J.M. and Rajani, B., 2000. Gray Cast-Iron Water Pipe Metallurgy. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 12, 245–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of the Environment (MOE), 2008. Design Guidelines for Drinking-Water Systems 2008. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Moglia, M., Davis, P., and Burn, S., 2008. Strong exploration of a cast iron pipe failure model. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 93, 863–874.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, I.D., 2001. Buried pipes and culverts. In: R.K. Rowe, ed. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Handbook. New York: Springer, 541–567.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K.-K. and Kulhawy, F.H., 1999. Characterization of geotechnical variability. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36, 612–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajani, B. and Zhan, C., 1996. On the estimation of frost loads. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33, 629–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajani, B. and Makar, J., 2000. A methodology to estimate remaining service life of grey cast iron water mains. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 27, 1259–1272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajani, B., Makar, J., McDonald, S., Zhan, C., Kuraoka, S., Jen, C.-K., and Veins, M., 2000. Investigation of grey cast iron water mains to develop a methodology for estimating service life. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association Research Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Rajani, B. and Tesfamariam, S., 2004. Uncoupled axial, flexural and circumferential pipe-soil interaction analyses of partially supported jointed water mains. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 41, 997–1010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanoff, M., 1957. Underground corrosion. NBS Circular, 579. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards.
   Google Scholar
• Rossum, J.R., 1969. Prediction of pitting rates in ferrous metals from soil parameters. Journal of the AWWA, 61 (6), 305–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadiq, R., Rajani, B., and Kleiner, Y., 2004. Probabilistic risk analysis of corrosion associated failures in cast iron water mains. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 86 (1), 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiyar, M.S., Ni, P., Take, W.A., and Moore, I.D., 2015. Response of pipelines of differing flexural stiffness to normal faulting. Géotechnique, 66 (4), 275–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seica, M.V., Packer, J.A., Grabinsky, M.W.F., and Adams, B.J., 2002. Evaluation of the properties of Toronto iron water mains and surrounding soil. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 29, 222–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesfamariam, S., Rajani, B., and Sadiq, R., 2006. Possibilistic approach for consideration of uncertainties to estimate structural capacity of ageing cast iron water mains. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 33 (8), 1050–1064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timoshenko, S. and Woinowsky-Kreiger, S., 1959. Theory of Plates and Shells, 2nd ed. York: PA: The Maple Press Company.
   Google Scholar
• Trickey, S.A., Moore, I.D., and Balkaya, M., 2016. Parametric study of frost-induced bending moments in buried cast iron water pipes. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 51, 291–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. and Moore, I.D., 2013. Structural design equations for bell and spigot joints in culverts under vehicle load. Proceedings of the ASCE ICPTT Conference, Reston, VA: ASCE, 1129–1139.
   Google Scholar
• Young, O.C. and Trott, J.J., 1984. Buried Rigid Pipes: Structural Design of Pipelines. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar