A review on the presence and removal of phthalates from wastewater

References

• Anne, O., and T. Paulauskiene. 2021. “The Assessment of the Sewage and Sludge Contamination by Phthalate Acid Esters (Paes) in Eastern Europe Countries.” Sustainability 13 (2): 529. doi:10.3390/su13020529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baresel, C., M. Harding, and C. Junestedt. 2019. Removal of pharmaceutical residues from municipal wastewater using UV/H2O2 B 2354 (IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute).
   Google Scholar
• Barreca, S., R. Indelicato, S. Orecchio, and A. Pace. 2014. “Photodegradation of Selected Phthalates on Mural Painting Surfaces under UV Light Irradiation.” Microchemical Journal 114: 192–196. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berardi, C., D. Fibbi, E. Coppini, L. Renai, C. Caprini, C. V. A. Scordo, L. Checchini, et al. 2019. “Removal Efficiency and Mass Balance of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Phthalates, Ethoxylated Alkylphenols and Alkylphenols in a Mixed Textile-Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant.” Science of the Total Environment 674: 36–48. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergé, A., J. Gasperi, V. Rocher, L. Gras, A. Coursimault, and R. Moilleron. 2014. “Phthalates and Alkylphenols in Industrial and Domestic Effluents: Case of Paris Conurbation (France).” Science of the Total Environment 488: 26–35. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boll, M., R. Geiger, M. Junghare, and B. Schink. 2020. “Microbial Degradation of Phthalates: Biochemistry and Environmental Implications.” Environmental Microbiology Reports 12 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broe, A., Z. N. Ennis, A. Pottegård, J. Hallas, T. Ahern and, and P. Damkier. 2017. “Population Exposure to Phthalate‐Containing Drugs.” Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 121 (3): 153–158. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J., L. E. Knudsen, S. Mizrak, and A. Joas. 2017. “Identification of Exposure to Environmental Chemicals in Children and Older Adults Using Human Biomonitoring Data Sorted by Age: Results from a Literature Review.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 220 (2): 282–298. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clara, M., G. Windhofer, W. Hartl, K. Braun, M. Simon, O. Gans, C. Scheffknecht, and A. Chovanec. 2010. “Occurrence of Phthalates in Surface Runoff, Untreated and Treated Wastewater and Fate during Wastewater Treatment.” Chemosphere 78 (9): 1078–1084. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppens, L. J., J. A. van Gils, T. L. Ter Laak, B. W. Raterman, and A. P. van Wezel. 2015. “Towards Spatially Smart Abatement of Human Pharmaceuticals in Surface Waters: Defining Impact of Sewage Treatment Plants on Susceptible Functions.” Water Research 81: 356–365. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dargnat, C., M. J. Teil, M. Chevreuil and, and M. Blanchard. 2009. “Phthalate Removal Throughout Wastewater Treatment Plant: Case Study of Marne Aval Station (France).” Science of the Total Environment 407 (4): 1235–1244. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshayes, S., V. Eudes, M. Bigourie, C. Droguet, and R. Moilleron. 2017. “Alkylphenol and Phthalate Contamination of All Sources of Greywater from French Households.” Science of the Total Environment 599: 883–890. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez-Romero, E., and M. Scheringer. 2019. “A Review of Phthalate Pharmacokinetics in Human and Rat: What Factors Drive Phthalate Distribution and Partitioning?” Drug Metabolism Reviews 51 (3): 314–329. doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1620762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, C. D., M. H. Wang, C. F. Chen, Y. J. Shih, K. L. Chang, S. H. Lee, Y.-L. Lin, C-H. Wu, and C-W. Chen. 2020. “Detecting Phthalate Esters in Sludge Particulates from Wastewater Treatment Plants.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 55 (10): 1233–1240. doi:10.1080/10934529.2020.1780850.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ECHA (European Chemical Agency). 2021a. “Substances Restricted under REACH.” Accessed 9 March 2021. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/aaa92146-a005-1dc2-debe-93c80b57c5ee
   Google Scholar
• ECHA (European Chemical Agency. 2021b. “Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation.” Accessed 9 March 2021. https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table
   Google Scholar
• EEA (European Environmental Agency). 2019. “Urban Waste Water Treatment: Existing Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities”. Accessed 9 March 2021. https://forum.eionet.europa.eu/nrc-eionet-freshwater/library/urban-waste-water-treatment/urban-waste-water-treatment-challenges-and-opportunities
   Google Scholar
• Ejhed, H., J. Fång, K. Hansen, L. Graae, M. Rahmberg, J. Magnér, E. Dorgeloh, and G. Plaza. 2018. “The Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time in Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Removal of Pharmaceuticals, Hormones and Phenolic Utility Substances.” Science of the Total Environment 618: 250–261. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2019. “Proposed Designation of Di-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) (1,2-benzene- Dicarboxylic Acid, 1,2-bis (2-ethylhexyl) Ester) (CASRN 117-81-7) as a High-Priority Substance for Risk Evaluation”. Accessed 9 March 2021 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-08/documents/diethylhexyl_phthalate_117-81-7_proposeddesignation_082219.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2020a. “Risk Evaluation for Dibutyl Phthalate (1,2-Benzene-dicarboxylic Acid, 1,2-Dibutyl Ester)”. Accessed 9 March 2021. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-evaluation-dibutyl-phthalate-12-benzene
   Google Scholar
• EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2020b. “Final Scope Documents for High-Priority Chemicals Undergoing Risk Evaluation”. Accessed 9 March 2021. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/final-scope-documents-high-priority-chemicals-undergoing
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. “Priority Substances and Certain Other Pollutants according to Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC”. Accessed 9 March 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/priority_substances.htm
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2017. “Special Eurobarometer 468. Attitudes of European Citizens Towards the Environment.” Accessed 9 March 2021. 41. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/screen/home
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2018. “Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/2005 of 17 December 2018 Amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as Regards Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP), Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP), Benzyl Butyl Phthalate (Bbzp) and Diisobutyl Phthalate (DIBP)”. Accessed 9 March 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R2005&from=EN
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2019a. “Evaluation of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Commission Staff Working Document Evaluation of the Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991, Concerning Urban waste-water Treatment” Accessed 11 November 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-urbanwaste/pdf/UWWTD%20Evaluation%20SWD%20448-701%20web.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2019b. “The European Green Deal. COM (2019) 640 Final.” Accessed 10 December 2021.https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640&from=EN
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2021a. “Pathway to a Healthy Planet for All. EU Action Plan: ‘Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil’. COM(2021) 400 Final” Accessed 10 December 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0400&from=EN
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2021b. “Horizon Europe - Work Programme 2021-2022. 9. Food, Bioeconomy, Natural Resources, Agriculture and Environment (European Commission Decision C(2021)4200 of 15 June 2021). Horizon-CL6-2022-Governance-01-07: New Technologies for Acquiring in-situ Observation Datasets to Address Climate Change Effects.” 568.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission Directorate-General for Environment. 2021. “Treating Urban Waste Water: New Data Shows Improvement across Europe”. Accessed 10 December 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/news/treating-urban-waste-water-new-data-shows-improvement-across-europe-2021-11-19_en
   Google Scholar
• European Investment bank. 2021. “Lithuania: Vilnius to Improve Water and Wastewater Infrastructure with European Support”. Accessed 20 November 2021. https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-105-vilnius-to-improve-water-and-wastewater-infrastructure-with-european-support
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. 2018. “Directive (EU) 2018/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 Amending Directive 2008/98/EC on Waste”. Accessed 9 March 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.150.01.0109.01.ENG
   Google Scholar
• Fang, W., Y. Peng, D. Muir, J. Lin, and X. Zhang. 2019. “A Critical Review of Synthetic Chemicals in Surface Waters of the US, the EU and China.” Environment International 131: 104994. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.104994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gani, K. M., and A. A. Kazmi. 2016a. “Comparative Assessment of Phthalate Removal and Risk in Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems of Developing Countries and Small Communities.” Science of the Total Environment 569: 661–671. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gani, K. M., and A. A. Kazmi. 2016b. “Phthalate Contamination in Aquatic Environment: A Critical Review of the Process Factors that Influence Their Removal in Conventional and Advanced Wastewater Treatment.” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 46 (17): 1402–1439. doi:10.1080/10643389.2016.1245552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gani, K. M., and A. A. Kazmi. 2020. “Ecotoxicological Risk Evaluation and Regulatory Compliance of Endocrine Disruptor Phthalates in a Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Scheme.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (8): 7785–7794. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-07418-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavala, H. N., F. Alatriste-Mondragon, R. Iranpour, and B. K. Ahring. 2003. “Biodegradation of Phthalate Esters during the Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge.” Chemosphere 52 (4): 673–682. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00126-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, H., N. Song, D. Wang, J. Ma, and Q. Jia. 2019. “A Modulation Approach for Covalent Organic Frameworks: Application to Solid Phase Microextraction of Phthalate Esters.” Talanta 198: 277–283. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, C., J. Li, G. Jiang, S. Chen, C. Niel, Z. Yuan, J. F. Mueller, and P. Thai. 2021. “Transformation of Phthalates and Their Metabolites in Wastewater under Different Sewer Conditions.” Water Research 190: 116754. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofman-Caris, R., T. ter Laak, H. Huiting, H. Tolkamp, A. de Man, P. van Diepenbeek, and J. Hofman. 2019. “Origin, Fate and Control of Pharmaceuticals in the Urban Water Cycle: A Case Study.” Water 11 (5): 1034. doi:10.3390/w11051034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, C.-J., Y.-H. Chang, A. Hu, M.-L. Chen, C.-W. Sun, R.F. Situmorang, M.-T. Wu, and S.-L. Wang. 2019. “Personal Care Products Use and Phthalate Exposure Levels among Pregnant Women.” Science of the Total Environment 648: 135–143. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, N. Y., Y. C. Liu, C. W. Lee, C. C. Lee, and H. J. Su. 2017. “Higher Moisture Content Is Associated with Greater Emissions of DEHP from PVC Wallpaper.” Environmental Research 152: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husøy, T, M. a Martínez, R P. Sharma, V Kumar, M Andreassen, A K. Sakhi, C Thomsen, and H Dirven. 2020. “Comparison of Aggregated Exposure to di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate from Diet and Personal Care Products with Urinary Concentrations of Metabolites Using a PBPK Model–results from the Norwegian Biomonitoring Study in EuroMix.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 143: 111510. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO 18856. 2004. “Water Quality – Determination of Selected Phthalates Using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry.”
   Google Scholar
• Keriene, I., A. Maruska, and J. Sitonyte. 2011. “Solid Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Phthalates in Surface Water: Method Development and Validation.”Chemija 22 (4): 204–209. 2424-4538 (online)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, H. M., H. M. Bolt, R. Preuss, and J. Angerer. 2005. “New Metabolites of Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in Human Urine and Serum after Single Oral Doses of deuterium-labelled DEHP.” Archives of Toxicology 79 (7): 367–376. doi:10.1007/s00204-004-0642-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kõrgmaa, V., M. Laht, R. Rebane, E. Lember, K. Pachel, M. Kriipsalu, T. Tenno, and A. Iital. 2020. “Removal of Hazardous Substances in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants.” Water Science and Technology 81 (9): 2011–2022. doi:10.2166/wst.2020.264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosek, K., A. Luczkiewicz, S. Fudala-Książek, K. Jankowska, M. Szopińska, O. Svahn, J. Träncknerc, A. Kaiser, Valdas Langas, and E. Björklund. 2020. “Implementation of Advanced Micropollutants Removal Technologies in Wastewater Treatment Plants (Wwtps)-examples and Challenges Based on Selected EU Countries.” Environmental Science and Policy 112: 213–226. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.06.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotowska, U., J. Kapelewska, and R. Sawczuk. 2020. “Occurrence, Removal, and Environmental Risk of Phthalates in Wastewaters, Landfill Leachates, and Groundwater in Poland.” Environmental Pollution 267: 115643. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, V., N. Sharma, and S. S. Maitra. 2017. “Comparative Study on the Degradation of Dibutyl Phthalate by Two Newly Isolated Pseudomonas Sp. V21b and Comamonas Sp. 51F.” Biotechnology Reports 15: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2017.04.002.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, K., C. H. Lindh, B. A. Jönsson, G. Giovanoulis, M. Bibi, M. Bottai, A. Bergström, and M. Berglund. 2017. “Phthalates, Non-Phthalate Plasticizers and Bisphenols in Swedish Preschool Dust in Relation to Children’s Exposure.” Environment International 102: 114–124. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebedev, A. T., O. V. Polyakova, D. M. Mazur, V. B. Artaev, I. Canet, A. Lallement, M. Vaïtilingom, L. Deguillaume, and A. M. Delort. 2018. ““Detection of Semi-Volatile Compounds in Cloud Waters by GC× GC-TOF-MS”. Evidence of Phenols and Phthalates as Priority Pollutants”. Environmental Pollution 241: 616–625. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., J. Wan, Y. Wang, Z. Yan, H. Chi, and S. Ding. 2020. “Mechanism of Accurate Recognition and Catalysis of Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) in Wastewater by Novel MIL100 Molecularly Imprinted Materials.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 266: 118591. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., J. Wan, Y. Wang, S. Ding, and J. Sun. 2021. “Improvement of Selective Catalytic Oxidation Capacity of Phthalates from Surface Molecular-Imprinted Catalysis Materials: Design, Mechanism, and Application.” Chemical Engineering Journal 413: 127406. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.127406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, M., J. Y. Park, J. E. Lim, H. B. Moon, and K. Lee. 2019. “Receptor-Based Aggregate Exposure Assessment of Phthalates Based on Individual’s Simultaneous Use of Multiple Cosmetic Products.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 127: 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, M., and K. Lee. 2020. “Aggregate Exposure Assessment Using Cosmetic Co-Use Scenarios: II. Application and Validation for Phthalates.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 144: 111583. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, F., N. B. Nord, K. Bester, and J. Vollertsen. 2020. “Microplastics Removal from Treated Wastewater by a Biofilter.” Water 12 (4): 1085. doi:10.3390/w12041085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., X. Song, Z. Na, G. Li, and W. Luo. 2022. “Strategies to Enhance Micropollutant Removal from Wastewater by Membrane Bioreactors: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives.” Bioresource Technology. Part B 344: 126322. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Market Research, Transparency. “Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2020 – 2030”. Accessed 02 March 2021. https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/di2ethylhexyl-phthalate-market.html
   Google Scholar
• MME (Ministry of Ecological Environment of the people’s republic China). 2020. “Registration of Environmental Management of New Chemical Substances”. Accessed 9 March 2021. http://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk02/202005/t20200507_777913.html
   Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. National Library of Medicine. “Explore Chemistry”. Accessed 02 March 2021. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
   Google Scholar
• Net, S., A. Delmont, R. Sempéré, A. Paluselli, and B. Ouddane. 2015. “Reliable Quantification of Phthalates in Environmental Matrices (Air, Water, Sludge, Sediment and Soil): A Review.” Science of the Total Environment 515: 162–180. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, P., S. K. Saha, S. Moane, J. Barron, G. Clancy, and P. Murray. 2015. “Improved Method for Rapid Detection of Phthalates in Bottled Water by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry.” Journal of Chromatography B 997: 229–235. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.05.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paluselli, A., V. Fauvelle, F. Galgani, and R. Sempéré. 2019. “Phthalate Release from Plastic Fragments and Degradation in Seawater.” Environmental Science and Technology 53 (1): 166–175. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b05083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pistocchi, A., J. Husemann, F. Masi, and C. Nanu. 2020. “Wastewater Treatment in the Danube Region: Opportunities and Challenges. Lessons Learnt from a “Synthesis Centres” Exercise. EUR 30106 EN.” 84. doi:10.2760/220413.
   Google Scholar
• Pivnenko, K., M. K. Eriksen, J. A. Martín-Fernández, E. Eriksson, and T. F. Astrup. 2016. “Recycling of Plastic Waste: Presence of Phthalates in Plastics from Households and Industry.” Waste Management 54: 44–52. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasanna, V. L., H. Mamane, V. K. Vadivel, and D. Avisar. 2020. “Ethanol-Activated Granular Aerogel as Efficient Adsorbent for Persistent Organic Pollutants from Real Leachate and Hospital Wastewater.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 384: 121396. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radke, E. G., J. M. Braun, J. D. Meeker, and G. S. Cooper. 2018. “Phthalate Exposure and Male Reproductive Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Human Epidemiological Evidence.” Environment International 121: 764–793. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastkari, N., M. Z. Jeddi, M. Yunesian, and R. Ahmadkhaniha. 2018. “Effect of Sunlight Exposure on Phthalates Migration from Plastic Containers to Packaged Juices.” Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 16 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1007/s40201-018-0292-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, L., Z. Lin, H. Liu, and H. Hu. 2018. “Bacteria-Mediated Phthalic Acid Esters Degradation and Related Molecular Mechanisms.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 102 (3): 1085–1096. doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8687-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renner, G., T. C. Schmidt, and J. Schram. 2018. “Analytical Methodologies for Monitoring Micro (Nano) Plastics: Which are Fit for Purpose?” Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health 1: 55–61. doi:10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.001.
   Google Scholar
• Sadr, S. M. K., L. T. That, W. Ingram, and F. A. Memon. 2021. “Simulating the Impact of Water Demand Management Options on Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation Profiles.” Urban Water Journal 18 (5): 320–333. doi:10.1080/1573062X.2021.1893031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salaudeen, T., O. Okoh, F. Agunbiade, and A. Okoh. 2018. “Phthalates Removal Efficiency in Different Wastewater Treatment Technology in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 190 (5): 299. doi:10.1007/s10661-018-6665-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samanta, S., Z. Sheng, C. L. Munster, and E. Van Houtte. 2020. “Seasonal Variation of Infiltration Rates through Pond Bed in a Managed Aquifer Recharge System in St‐André, Belgium.” Hydrological Processes 34 (18): 3807–3823. doi:10.1002/hyp.13827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, N., J. Castro-Jiménez, B. Oursel, and R. Sempere. 2021. “Phthalates and Organophosphate Esters in Surface Water, Sediments and Zooplankton of the NW Mediterranean Sea: Exploring Links with Microplastic Abundance and Accumulation in the Marine Food Web.” Environmental Pollution 272: 115970. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SGS. 2019. “Accessing the Market: European Union Phthalate Regulations”. Accessed 9 March 2021. https://www.sgs.com/en/news/2019/04/accessing-the-market-european-union-phthalate-regulations#waste
   Google Scholar
• Sun, X., W. Dong, M. Liu, C. Shen, Y. Zhang, J. Sun, B. Sun, H. Li, and F. Chen. 2018. “Validation of a QuEChERS‐Based Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS) Method for Analysis of Phthalate Esters in Grain Sorghum.” Journal of Food Science 83 (4): 892–901. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. 2017. “Advanced Wastewater Treatment for Separation and Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues and Other Hazardous Substances. Needs, Technologies and Impacts. A Government-Commissioned Report”. 91.
   Google Scholar
• Szewczyńska, M., M. Pośniak, and E. Dobrzyńska. 2020. “Determination of Phthalates in Particulate Matter and Gaseous Phase Emitted into the Air of the Working Environment.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17 (1): 175–186. doi:10.1007/s13762-019-02435-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takdastan, A., M. H. Niari, A. Babaei, S. Dobaradaran, S. Jorfi, and M. Ahmadi. 2021. “Occurrence and Distribution of Microplastic Particles and the Concentration of Di 2-ethyl Hexyl Phthalate (DEHP) in Microplastics and Wastewater in the Wastewater Treatment Plant.” Journal of Environmental Management 280: 111851. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talvitie, J., A. Mikola, A. Koistinen, and O. Setälä. 2017. “Solutions to Microplastic Pollution–Removal of Microplastics from Wastewater Effluent with Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies.” Water Research 123: 401–407. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, S., C. He, P. Thai, S. Vijayasarathy, R. Mackie, L. M. L. Toms, K. Thompson, et al. 2020. “Concentrations of Phthalate Metabolites in Australian Urine Samples and Their Contribution to the per Capita Loads in Wastewater.” Environment International 137: 105534. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Technology, Water. “Henriksdal Wastewater Treatment Plant, Stockholm”. Accessed 12 April 2021. https://www.water-technology.net/projects/henriksdal-wastewater-treatment-plant-stockholm/
   Google Scholar
• Tonk, E. C., A. Verhoef, E. R. Gremmer, H. van Loveren, and A. H. Piersma. 2012. “Relative Sensitivity of Developmental and Immune Parameters in Juvenile versus Adult Male Rats after Exposure to Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 260 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2012.01.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wezel , A., P., F. van den Hurk, R.M. Sjerps, E. M. Meijers, E. W. Roex, and T. L. Ter Laak. 2019. “Impact of Industrial Waste Water Treatment Plants on Dutch Surface Waters and Drinking Water Sources.” Science of the Total Environment 640: 1489–1499. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vela, N., M. Calín, M. J. Yáñez-Gascón, I. Garrido, G. Pérez-Lucas, J. Fenoll, and S. Navarro. 2018. “Solar Reclamation of Wastewater Effluent Polluted with Bisphenols, Phthalates and Parabens by Photocatalytic Treatment with TiO2/Na2S2O8 at Pilot Plant Scale.” Chemosphere 212: 95–104. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., H. Li, Q. Song, L. Gao, and N. Wang. 2017. “Adsorption of Phthalates on Municipal Activated Sludge”. Journal of Chemistry 2017. doi:10.1155/2017/4160929.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, W., A. O. W. Leung, L. H. Chu, and M. H. Wong. 2018. “Phthalates Contamination in China: Status, Trends and Human Exposure-With an Emphasis on Oral Intake.” Environmental Pollution 238: 771–782. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Y. Shih, P. Y. Wang, Y. H. Yu, J. F. Su, and C. P. Huang. 2019. “Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies.” Water Environment Research 91 (10): 1177–1198. doi:10.1002/wer.1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weizhen, Z., Z. Xiaowei, G. Peng, W. Ning, L. Zini, H. Jian, and Z. Zheng. 2020. “Distribution and Risk Assessment of Phthalates in Water and Sediment of the Pearl River Delta.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27 (11): 12550–12565. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06819-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiśniowska, E., K. Moraczewska-Majkut, and W. Nocońb. 2018. “Efficiency of Microplastics Removal in Selected Wastewater Treatment Plants–Preliminary Studies.” Desalination and Water Treatment 134: 316–323. doi:10.5004/dwt.2018.23418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., C. M. Eichler, S. Chen, and J. C. Little. 2016. “Simple Method to Measure the Vapor Pressure of Phthalates and Their Alternatives.” Environmental Science & Technology 50 (18): 10082–10088. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b02643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiu, F. R., Y. Lu, and Y. Qi. 2020. “DEHP Degradation and Dechlorination of Polyvinyl Chloride Waste in Subcritical Water with Alkali and Ethanol: A Comparative Study.” Chemosphere 249: 126138. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., X. Xiong, Y. Zhao, W. Xiang, and C. Wu. 2020. “Pollutants Delivered Every Day: Phthalates in Plastic Express Packaging Bags and Their Leaching Potential.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 384: 121282. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, T., L. Ren, Y. Jia, S. Fan, J. Wang, J. Wang, R. Nahurira, H. Wang, and Y. Yan. 2018. “Biodegradation of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate by Rhodococcus Ruber YC-YT1 in Contaminated Water and Soil.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (5): 964. doi:10.3390/ijerph15050964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, J., L. Sun, C. Ma, Y. Qiao, and H. Yao. 2016. “Thermal Degradation of PVC: A Review.” Waste Management 48: 300–314. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Q. Zhou, Z. Xie, Y. Zhou, C. Tu, C. Fu, W. Mi, R. Ebinghaus, P. Christie, and Y. Luo. 2018. “Occurrences of Organophosphorus Esters and Phthalates in the Microplastics from the Coastal Beaches in North China.” Science of the Total Environment 616: 1505–1512. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, L., T. Liu, E. Xie, M. Liu, A. Ding, B. T. Zhang, X. Li, and D. Zhang. 2020. “Partition and Fate of Phthalate Acid Esters (Paes) in a Full-Scale Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Polluted River Water.” Water 12 (3): 865. doi:10.3390/w12030865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar