Performance Assessment Method for Small- and Medium-Sized Urban Water Systems: Development and Implementation

References

• Alegre, H. 1999. Performance Indicators for Water Supply Systems. In Drought Management Planning in Water Supply Systems, pp. 148–178. London, United Kingdom.: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1297-2_7.
   Google Scholar
• Alegre, H., J. M. Baptista, E. Cabrera Jr, F. Cubillo, P. Duarte, W. Hirner, and R. Parena. 2013. Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. London, United Kingdom.: IWA publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Alegre, H., J. M. Baptista, E. Cabrera Jr, F. Cubillo, P. Duarte, W. Hirner, and R. Parena. 2017. Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. London, United Kingdom.: IWA publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Alegre, H., and S. T. Coelho. 2014. Infrastructure Asset Management of Urban Water Systems. London: InTech.
   Google Scholar
• AlHumid, H. A., H. Haider, S. S. AlSaleem, M. Shafiquzamman, and R. Sadiq. 2019. “Performance Indicators for Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems in Saudi Arabia: Selection and Ranking Using Fuzzy AHP and PROMETHEE II.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12 (15): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4645-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljanabi, Z. Z., A. H. M. J. Al-Obaidy, and F. M. Hassan 2021. A Brief Review of Water Quality Indices and Their Applications. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science779 (1): 012088. IOP Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• AWWA, 2019. 2019. AWWA Utility Benchmarking : Performance Management for Water and Wastewater. Colorado, Denver, USA: American Water Works Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bhimanadhuni, S., 2015). Development of a performance index for stormwater pipeline infrastructure (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech).
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Infrastructure Report Card, 2019. 2019. Monitoring the State of Canada’s Core Public Infrastructure.
   Google Scholar
• Chapra, S. C., L. A. Camacho, and G. B. McBride. 2021. “Impact of Global Warming on Dissolved Oxygen and BOD Assimilative Capacity of the World’s Rivers: Modeling Analysis.” Water 13 (17): 2408. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhipi-Shrestha, G., K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2017. Selecting Sustainablity Indicators for Small to Medium Sized Urban Water Systems Using Fuzzy-ELECTRE. Water Environment Research. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143016X14798353399494.
   Google Scholar
• City of Toronto, 2021. What is Stormwater and Where Does It Go? https://www.toronto.ca/services-payments/water-environment/managing-rain-melted-snow/what-is-stormwater-where-does-it-go/. (Accessed June 6, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Collivignarelli, M. C., S. Todeschini, A. Abbà, P. Ricciardi, M. Carnevale Miino, V. Torretta, and G. Bertanza. 2021. “The Performance Evaluation of Wastewater Service: A Protocol Based on Performance Indicators Applied to Sewer Systems and Wastewater Treatment Plants.” Environmental Technology 43 (22): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2021.1922509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Elsayed, Nancy, Nader Rezaei, Tianjiao Guo, Shima Mohebbi, and Qiong Zhang. 2019. “Wastewater-Based Resource Recovery Technologies Across Scale: A Review.” Resources Conservation & Recycling 145: 94–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eimers, M. Catherine, and C. McDonald. Ethan. 2015. “Hydrologic Changes Resulting from Urban Cover in Seasonally Snow‐Covered Catchments.” Hydrological processes 29 (6): 1280–1288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmanuel, T., T. Maupong, D. Mpoeleng, T. Semong, B. Mphago, and O. Tabona. 2021. “A Survey on Missing Data in Machine Learning.” Journal of Big Data 8 (1): 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00516-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EOCP, 2022. How to Become an Operator. https://eocp.ca/certified-operators/how-to-become-an-operator/. (Accessed February 19, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Fraser Institute, 2021. B.C. Floods Expose Hollow ‘Emergency’ Declarations. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/article/bc-floods-expose-hollow-emergency-declarations. (Accessed February 4, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Galfi, H., H. Österlund, J. Marsalek, and M. Viklander. 2017. “Mineral and Anthropogenic Indicator Inorganics in Urban Stormwater and Snowmelt Runoff: Sources and Mobility Patterns.” Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 228 (7): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3438-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Australia, 2019. National Performance Report 2017-18: Urban Water Utilities.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Ontario, 2019. Sewage Pumping Stations. https://www.ontario.ca/document/design-guidelines-sewage-works/sewage-pumping-stations. (Accessed June 6, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Güngör-Demirci, G., J. Lee, Keck, S. J. Harrison, and G. Bates. 2019. “Development of a Risk-Based Tool for Groundwater Well Rehabilitation and Replacement Decisions.” J. Water Supply 68 (6): 411–419. doi:10.2166/aqua.2019.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider, H., R. Sadiq., and S. Tesfamariam. 2014. “Performance Indicators for Small-And Medium-Sized Water Supply Systems: A Review.” Environmental Reviews 22 (1): 1–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider, H., R. Sadiq, and S. Tesfamariam. 2016. “Inter-Utility Performance Benchmarking Model for Small-To-Medium-Sized Water Utilities: Aggregated Performance Indices.” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 142 (1): 4015039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, M., K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2021. “Integrated Level of Service Index for Buried Water Infrastructure: Selection and Development of Performance Indicators.” Sustainable Cities and Society 68:102799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kõrgmaa, V., T. Tenno, A. Kivirüüt, M. Kriipsalu, M. Gross, P. Tamm, and A. Iital. 2019. “A Novel Method for Rapid Assessment of the Performance and Complexity of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants.” Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 68 (1): 32. https://doi.org/10.3176/proc.2019.1.03.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kot, M., H. Castleden, and G. A. Gagnon. 2011. “Unintended Consequences of Regulating Drinking Water in Rural Canadian Communities: Examples from Atlantic Canada.” Health & Place 17 (5): 1030–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.06.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, Abhishek, Bikash Sah, Arvind R. Singh, Yan Deng, He Xiangning, Praveen Kumar, and R. C. Bansal. 2017. “A Review of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Towards Sustainable Renewable Energy Development.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69: 596–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langeveld, J. G., E. Liefting, and R. Schilperoort. 2016. “Regenwaterproject Almere [Storm Water Project Almere].” Amersfoort: Stichting RIONED en STOWA.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C. C., K. Y. Liou, M. Lee, and P. T. Chiueh. 2019. “Impacts of Urban Water Consumption Under Climate Change: An Adaptation Measure of Rainwater Harvesting System.” Journal of Hydrology 572:160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lui, E. 2015. On Notice for a Drinking Water Crisis in Canada. Ottawa: Council of Canadians.
   Google Scholar
• Maiolo, M., and D. Pantusa. 2019. “Sustainable Water Management Index, SWaM_index.” Cogent Engineering 6 (1): 1603817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos, Rafaela, Adriana Cardoso, Richard M. Ashley, and Patricia Duarte. 2003. Alejo MolinariAlejo Molinari. Andreas Schulz, eds. IWA publishing.
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane, K., and L. M. Harris. 2018. “Small Systems, Big Challenges: Review of Small Drinking Water System Governance.” Environmental Reviews 26 (4): 378–395. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minnes, S., and K. Vodden. 2017. “The Capacity Gap: Understanding Impediments to Sustainable Drinking Water Systems in Rural Newfoundland and Labrador.” Canadian Water Resources Journal/Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques 42 (2): 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2016.1256232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussavi, S., M. Thompson, S. Li, and B. Dvorak. 2021. “Assessment of Small Mechanical Wastewater Treatment Plants: Relative Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Construction and Operations.” Journal of Environmental Management 292:112802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NWWBI, 2018. 2016 NWWBI Public Report.
   Google Scholar
• OBWB, 2015. Okanagan Water Supply and Demand Project. https://www.obwb.ca/wsd/implications-for-the-future (Accessed May 22)
   Google Scholar
• Of Kelowna, City, 2021. Water Quality at Beaches. https://www.kelowna.ca/parks-recreation/parks-beaches/water-quality-beaches. (Accessed June 6, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Podolsky, L. 2012. Barriers to Low Impact Development. https://civicwell.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/barriers-low-impact-development.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pokhrel, S. R., G. Chhipi-Shrestha, J. Hager, M. J. Rodriguez, K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2020b. “Performance Assessment Framework for Small Water Systems: Case Study in British Columbia.” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 146 (12): 05020025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokhrel, S. R., G. Chhipi-Shrestha, K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2022. “Sustainable, Resilient, and Reliable Urban Water Systems: Making the Case for a “One water” Approach.” Environmental Reviews 30 (1): 10–29. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2020-0090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokhrel, S. R., G. Chhipi-Shrestha, K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2023. “Key Performance Indicators for Small and Medium-Sized Urban Water Systems in a Semi-Arid Region: A Case Study of Okanagan Valley, Canada.” Urban Water Journal 20 (4): 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2023.2179927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokhrel, S. R., G. Chhipi-Shrestha, H. Mian, K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2023. “Integrated Performance Assessment of Urban Water Systems: Identification and Prioritization of One Water Approach Indicators.” Sustainable Production and Consumption 36:62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokhrel, S. R., G. Chhipi-Shrestha, M. J. Rodriguez, K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2020a. “Unfolding ‘Big’problems of Small Water System Performance: A Qualitative Study in British Columbia.” Canadian Water Resources Journal/Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques 45 (4): 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2020.1800517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao, H., and J. Pei. 2022. “Urban Stormwater Resilience Assessment Method Based on Cloud Model and TOPSIS.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (1): 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. I. 2013. “Climate Change: A Theoretical Review.” Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 11 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.7906/indecs.11.1.1.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, B. C., G. Dunn, K. Hammer, W. Novalia, F. J. de Haan, L. Brown, R. R. Brown, et al. 2020. “Water Sensitive Cities Index: A Diagnostic Tool to Assess Water Sensitivity and Guide Management Actions.” Water Research (Oxford) 186:116411–116411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadiq, R., and S. Tesfamariam. 2007. “Probability Density Functions Based Weights for Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) Operators: An Example of Water Quality Indices.” European Journal of Operational Research 182 (3): 1350–1368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2006.09.041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem, S., H. Haider, K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2021. “Performance Benchmarking Model for Sustainability of Aquatic Centres in Cold Regions: Development and Implementation.” Sustainable Production and Consumption 26:558–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, E., I. Lisboa, and T. Eugénio. 2021. “Economic Sustainability in Wastewater Treatment Companies: A Regional Analysis for the Iberian Peninsula.” Applied Sciences 11 (21): 9876. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219876.
   Google Scholar
• Sarin, P., V. L. Snoeyink, J. Bebee, K. K. Jim, M. A. Beckett, W. M. Kriven, and J. A. Clement. 2004. “Iron Release from Corroded Iron Pipes in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Effect of Dissolved Oxygen.” Water Research 38 (5): 1259–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.11.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, Y., K. Chen, H. Wang, and Z. Li. 2020. “Regional Water Resources Security Evaluation Based on a Hybrid Fuzzy BWM-TOPSIS Method.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (14): 4987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA, 2021a. Drinking Water Dashboard Help. https://echo.epa.gov/help/drinking-water-dashboard-help. (Accessed April 16, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• USEPA, 2021b. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. https://www.epa.gov/npdes/sanitary-sewer-overflow-sso-frequent-questions. (Accessed January 19, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• USEPA, 2021c. Sanitary Sewer Overflows. https://www.epa.gov/npdes/sanitary-sewer-overflows-ssos. (Accessed January 19, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Vega, A., J. Aguarón, J. García-Alcaraz, and J. M. Moreno-Jiménez. 2014. “Notes on Dependent Attributes in TOPSIS.” Procedia Computer Science 31:308–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.05.273.
   Google Scholar
• Viaggi, D., F. Galioto, and A. Lika. 2020. “The Design of Pricing Policies for the Management of Water Resources in Agriculture Under Adverse Selection.” Water 12 (8): 2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendland, Arnd, and Y. Ozoguz. ”Operation Costs of Wastewater Treatment Plants.” Ahrensburg, Germany (2005). Operation costs of wastewater treatment plants: https://cgi.tu-harburg.de/~awwweb/wbt/emwater/documents/slides_c2.pdf.
   Google Scholar