Computational fluid dynamics simulation and statistical procedure for estimating wide-area distributions of airborne sea salt considering local ground conditions

References

• AIJ. (1993). Recommendations for loads on buildings. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Chisholrn, W.A., Buchan, P.G., & Jarv, T. (1994). Accurate measurement of low insulator contamination levels. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 9, 1552–1557.10.1109/61.311211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRIEPI. (2003). Evaluation techniques of wind load and gust response for overhead transmission lines. Denchuken Review 48, Tokyo: Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Feliu, S., Morcillo, M., & Chico, B. (1999). Effect of distance from sea on atmospheric corrosion rate. Corrosion, 55, 883–891.10.5006/1.3284045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuse, N., Naganuma, A., Fukuchi, T., Hori, Y., Mizuno, M., & Fukunaga, K. (2015). Underfilm corrosion of transmission tower cross-arms service-used in a Pacific Coast Area. Corrosion, 71, 1387–1397. doi:10.5006/1736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grini, A., Myhre, G., Sundet, J.K., & Isaksen, I.S.A. (2002). Modeling the annual cycle of sea salt in the global 3D model Oslo CTM2: Concentrations, fluxes, and radiative impact. Journal of Climate, 15, 1717–1730. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1717:MTACOS>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori, Y., Tanaka, N., Moeng, C.-H., Suto, H., Ishihara, S., Eguchi, Y., Hirakuchi, H., & Sugimoto, S. (2011). Numerical simulation of atmospheric turbulence for assessment of wind turbine. Journal of Fluid Science and Technology, 6, 342–356.10.1299/jfst.6.342
   Google Scholar
• Hattori, Y., Hirakuchi, H., Moeng, C.-H., Ishihara, S., Suto, H., & Sugimoto, S. (2014). Large eddy simulation of turbulent structure in a real test case for near neutral atmospheric surface layer with a mesoscale meteorological model, WRF. Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on computational wind engineering. Hamburg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• IEEJ. (2004). Corrosion phenomena in overhead transmission lines (IEEJ Technical Reports 968). Tokyo: The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• ISO. (2012a). Corrosion of metals and alloys – Corrosivity of atmospheres － Classification, determination and estimation. Geneva: ISO 9223 International Organization for Standardization.
   Google Scholar
• ISO. (2012b). Corrosion of metals and alloys – Corrosivity of atmospheres －Guiding values for the corrosivity categories. Geneva: ISO 9224 International Organization for Standardization.
   Google Scholar
• JRA. (2002). Design specifications for highway bridges, Part II steel bridges. Tokyo: Japan Road Association (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Kang, Y., Noguchi, K., Okuda, S., Kurata, N., Shirato, H., Yagi, T., Morishita, T., & Tanaka, Y. (2012). Evaluation of air-borne sea-salt deposition to structural surface. Proceedings of the 22nd National Symposium on Wind Engineering. Tokyo: JAWE (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Kato, H., & Akai, Y. (2001). A simple model for estimating the amount of wind-driven sea salt over coastal area. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 57, 79–92 (in Japanese).10.2480/agrmet.57.79
   Google Scholar
• Kihara, N., Hirakuchi, H., Takahashi, A., Ohara, S., & Fujita, S. (2011). Numerical study on seasalt depositions in Niigata prefecture, Japan. Proceedings of the 7th Asian Aerosol Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Kurokawa, M., & Matsumoto, T. (1998). Accuracy of ESDD measurement by manual washing method for artificially contaminated insulators. T. IEE Japan, 118-B, 1208–1209 (in Japanese). Xian.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J.-S., & Moon, H.-Y. (2006). Salinity distribution of seashore concrete structures in Korea. Building and Environment, 41, 1447–1453.10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.05.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewellen, W. S., & Sheng, Y. P. (1980). Modeling of dry deposition of SO2 and sulfate aerosols (EPRI EA-1452, Project 1306-1) (p. 68). California: EPRI.
   Google Scholar
• Manders, A.M.M., Schaap, M., Querol, X., Albert, M.F.M.A., Vercauteren, J., Kuhlbusch, T.A.J., & Hoogerbrugge, R. (2010). Sea salt concentrations across the European continent. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 2434–2442.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meira, G.R., Andrade, M.C., Padaratz, I.J., Alonso, M.C., & Borba Jr, J.C. (2006). Measurements and modelling of marine salt transportation and deposition in a tropical region in Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 5596–5607.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meira, G.R., Andrade, C., Alonso, C., Padaratz, I.J., & Borba, J.C. (2008). Modelling sea-salt transport and deposition in marine atmosphere zone – A tool for corrosion studies. Corrosion Science, 50, 2724–2731.10.1016/j.corsci.2008.06.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochida, A., Iizuka, S., Tominaga, Y., & Lun, I. (2011). Up-scaling CWE models to include mesoscale meteorological influences. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 99, 187–198.10.1016/j.jweia.2011.01.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obata, M., Watanabe, Y., Li, G.T., & Goto, Y. (2011). Prediction of adhesion behavior of sea-salt particles on bridge girders. Procedia Engineering, 14, 1043–1050. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.131
   Google Scholar
• Obata, M., Watanabe, Y., Li, G.T., & Goto, Y. (2014). Numerical simulation of adhesion of sea-salt particles on bridge girders. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 10, 398–408. doi:10.1080/15732479.2012.757328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohba, R., Okabayashi, K., Yamamoto, M., & Tsuru, M. (1990). A method for predicting the content of sea salt particles in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 24A, 925–935. doi:10.1016/0960-1686(90)90295-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma, J.M.L.M., Castro, F.A., Ribeiro, L.F., Rodrigues, A.H., & Pinto, A.P. (2008). Linear and nonlinear models in wind resource assessment and wind turbine micro-siting in complex terrain. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 96, 2308–2326. doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2008.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazzola, J., Tedeschi, G., & Demoisson, A. (2015). A model for the transport of sea-spray aerosols in the coastal zone. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 155, 329–350. doi:10.1007/s10546-014-9994-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poots, G. (1996). Ice and snow accretion on structures. Taunton, New York: Research Studies Press LTD, John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Public Work Research Institute (PWRI), Kozai Club (Iron and Steel Mill Products Association), Japan Association of Steel Bridge Construction. (1993). Report on application of weathering steel to highway bridges (XX) – Proposed manual for design and construction of unpainted weathering steel bridges, revised version (in Japanese). Tsukuba.
   Google Scholar
• Suto, H., Hattori, Y., Tanaka, N., & Kohno, Y. (2008). Effects of strong wind and ozone on localized tree decline in the Tanzawa mountains of Japan. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 2, 81–89. doi:10.5572/ajae.2008.2.2.081
   Google Scholar
• Suto, H., Kihara, N., Hattori, Y., & Hirakuchi, H. (2009). Study on estimation of salt deposition with numerical simulation of sea salt particle transport (Part 2) - Effects of grid resolution on estimation accuracy (CRIEPI Research Report N08017). Tokyo: CRIEPI (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Suto, H., Hattori, Y., Hirakuchi, H., & Kihara, N. (2010). Numerical simulation of wind and sea salt particle transport using Reynolds-averaged turbulence model – Estimation of spatial distribution of cumulative airborne sea salt. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, B2 66-1, 1161–1165 (in Japanese). doi:10.2208/kaigan.66.1161
   Google Scholar
• Suto, H., Kihara, N., Hattori, Y., & Hirakuchi, H. (2012). Study on estimation of salt deposition with numerical simulation of sea salt particle transport (Part 6) – Reliability of atmospheric sea salt concentration estimated with NuWiCC-ST (CRIEPI Research Report N11012). CRIEPI (in Japanese). Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Toba, Y. (1965). On the giant sea-salt particles in the atmosphere I. General features of the distribution. Tellus, 17, 131–145. doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1965.tb00202.x
   Google Scholar
• Tomita, Y. (1998). Newly developed high performance structual steels for long span bridge construction. Zairyo-to-Kankyo, 47, 684–690 (in Japanese).10.3323/jcorr1991.47.684
   Google Scholar
• Tsyro, S., Aas, W., Soares, J., Sofiev, M., Berge, H., & Spindler, G. (2011). Modelling of sea salt concentrations over Europe: Key uncertainties and comparison with observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 10367–10388. doi:10.5194/acp-11-10367-2011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada, T., & Hosoyamada, T. (2006). Numerical study of production and transportation of sea salt spray and field measurement. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Hydroscience and Engineering. Philadelphia, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Yamada, T., & Koike, K. (2011). Downscaling mesoscale meteorological models for computational wind engineering applications. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 99, 199–216. doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2011.01.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar