Identifying King Stephen’s artillery

References

• E. S. Armitage, The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles (London: J. Murray, 1912).
   Google Scholar
• T. Arnold, ed., Historia Regum: Eadem Historia ad quantum et vicesimum Annum Continuata, per Joannem Hagulstadensem [History of the Kings: with respect to the same history and continued twenty years by John of Hexham], 2 vols (London: Rolls Series, 1885).
   Google Scholar
• T. Arnold, ed., Henrici Archidiaconi Huntendunensis Historia Anglorum [Henry, archdeacon of Huntingdon, History of the English People] (London: Longman, 1879).
   Google Scholar
• B. S. Bachrach, Early Carolingian Warfare: Prelude to Empire (Philadelphia, PA: UPenn, 2001).
   Google Scholar
• D. S. Bachrach, ‘English Artillery 1189–1307: The Implications of Terminology,’ English Historical Review, 121 (2006), 1408–1430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Basista, ‘Hybrid or Counterpoise? A Study of Transitional Trebuchets,’ Journal of Medieval Military History, 5 (2007), 33–55.
   Google Scholar
• J. Bradbury, The Medieval Siege (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1992).
   Google Scholar
• R. A. Brown, H. M. Colvin and A. J. Taylor, in The History of the King’s Works, Volume II: The Middle Ages, ed. by H. M. Colvin (London: H.M. Stationary Office, 1963).
   Google Scholar
• R. L. S. Bruce-Mitford, ‘The Archaeology of the Site of the Bodleian Extension in Broad Street, Oxford,’ Oxoniensia, 4 (1939), 89–146.
   Google Scholar
• D. J. Cathcart-King, ‘The Trebuchet and other Siege-Engines,’ Chateau-Gaillard, 9–10 (1982), 457–470.
   Google Scholar
• P. Chevedden, et al., ‘The Traction Trebuchet: A Triumph of Four Civilizations,’ Viator, 31 (2000), 433–486.
   Google Scholar
• P. E. Chevedden, ‘The Hybrid Trebuchet: The Halfway Step to the Counterweight Trebuchet,’ in On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O’Callaghan, ed. by D. J. Kagay and T. M. Vann (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 179–222.
   Google Scholar
• M. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1991).
   Google Scholar
• M. Chibnall, ed., and trans. Orderic Vitalis: Historia Ecclesiastica [Ecclesiastical History], 6 vols (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1969–1980).
   Google Scholar
• M. Chibnall, ‘Orderic Vitalis on Castles,’ in Anglo-Norman Castles, ed. by R. Liddiard (Boydell: Woodbridge, 2003), 119–132.
   Google Scholar
• G. T. Clark, ‘Lincoln Castle,’ Archaeological Journal, 33 (1876), 212–228.
   Google Scholar
• C. Coulson, ‘The Castles of the Anarchy,’ in The Anarchy of Stephen’s Reign, ed. by E. King (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 67–92.
   Google Scholar
• H. A. Cronne and R. H. C. Davis, eds., ‘Regesta Regis Stephani ac Mathildis Imperatricis ac Gaufridi et Henrici Ducum Normannorum, 1135-1154' [‘Register of King Stephen and Empress Matilda and Geoffrey and Henry, Dukes of Normandy, in Register of the Anglo-Norman Kings'], in Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154, 4 vols (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1913–1969).
   Google Scholar
• K. DeVries and R. W. Smith, Medieval Military Technology, 2nd edn (Toronto: U of Toronto Press, 2012).
   Google Scholar
• P. Djurfeldt, The Eketorp Traction Lever Engine (1997). <http://www.djurfeldt.com/patrik/artillery.html> [accessed 21 July 2015].
   Google Scholar
• J. France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994).
   Google Scholar
• P. S. Fry, Castles of Britain and Ireland (New York, NY: Abbeville, 1997).
   Google Scholar
• C. M. Gillmor, ‘The Introduction of the Trebuchet into the Latin West,’ Viator, 12 (1981), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• A. Gransden, Historical Writing in England c. 500 to c. 1307 (London: Keegan Paul, 1974).
   Google Scholar
• D. Greenway, Henry of Huntingdon: Historia Anglorum [Huntingdon], 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002).
   Google Scholar
• P. V. Hansen, Trebuchets (1994) <http://www.middelaldercentret.dk/Projekter/trebuchets.html> [accessed 14 June 2010].
   Google Scholar
• V. G. Hart and M. J. T. Lewis, ‘Mechanics of the Onager,’ Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 20 (1986), 345–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. R. Hill, ‘Trebuchets,’ Viator, 4 (1973), 99–114.
   Google Scholar
• F. Hill, Medieval Lincoln (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1948).
   Google Scholar
• R. Howlett, ed., ‘The Chronicle of Robert of Torigni,’ in Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I, Vol. 4 (London: Rolls Series, 1882–1890).
   Google Scholar
• J. G. Hurst, ‘White Castle and the Dating of Medieval Pottery,’ Medieval Archaeology, 6 (1964), 135–155.
   Google Scholar
• R.C. Johnston, ed. and trans., Jordan Fantosme’s Chronicle (Oxford: Clarendon, 1981).
   Google Scholar
• E. T. Leeds, ‘An Adulterine Castle on Faringdon Clump, Berkshire,’ Antiquaries Journal, 16 (1936), 165–178.
   Google Scholar
• E. T. Leeds, ‘An Adulterine Castle on Faringdon Clump, Berkshire (second report),’ Antiquaries Journal, 17 (1937), 294–298.
   Google Scholar
• C. Lewis, ‘Paired Mottes in East Chelborough, Dorset,’ in From Cornwall to Caithness: Some Aspects of British Field Archaeology ed. by M.Bowden, D.Mackay, and P.Topping BAR British Series 209. (Oxford, 1989), 159–171.
   Google Scholar
• J. Mackenzie, The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure. 2 vols. (New York, NY: Macmillan, 1896).
   Google Scholar
• E. W. Marsden, Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969).
   Google Scholar
• E. W. Marsden, Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971).
   Google Scholar
• N. P. Milner, trans., Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science (Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1993).
   Google Scholar
• G. Patrick, ‘Notes on Lincoln Castle,’ Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 46 (1890), 8–16.
   Google Scholar
• N. Pétrin, ‘Philological Notes on the Crossbow and Related Missile Weapons,’ Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 33 (1992), 265–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. R. Potter, ed. and trans., Gesta Stephani [GS] (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1976).
   Google Scholar
• K. R. Potter, trans., The Historia Novella of William of Malmesbury [Malmesbury] (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1955).
   Google Scholar
• P. Purton, A History of the Early Medieval Siege, c. 450–1220 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2009).
   Google Scholar
• P. Purton, ‘The Myth of the Mangonel: Torsion Artillery in the Middle Ages,’ Arms and Armour, 3 (2006), 79–90.
   Google Scholar
• D. Renn, Norman Castles in Britain (London: John Baker, 1968).
   Google Scholar
• N. Reynolds, ‘Investigations in the Observatory Tower, Lincoln Castle,’ Medieval Archaeology, 19 (1975), 201–205.
   Google Scholar
• T. Rihll, The Catapult: A History (Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2007).
   Google Scholar
• R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992).
   Google Scholar
• D. Rollason, ed. and trans., Symeon of Durham: Libellus de Exordeo atque Procursu istius hoc est Dunhelmensis Ecclesia [Durham] (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000).
   Google Scholar
• W. Scorer, A Guide to Lincoln Castle (Lincoln: W. K. Morton & Sons, 1906).
   Google Scholar
• S. Speight, ‘Castle Warfare in the Gesta Stephani,’ Chateau Gaillard, 19 (2000), 269–274.
   Google Scholar
• D. Stocker and A. Vince, ‘The Early Norman Castle at Lincoln and a Re-evaluation of the Original West Tower of Lincoln Cathedral,’ Medieval Archaeology, 41 (1997), 223–233.
   Google Scholar
• M. Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles [ASC] (London: Phoenix, 2000).
   Google Scholar
• W. T. S. Tarver, ‘The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Weapon,’ Technology and Culture, 36 (1995), 136–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Williams and G. H. Martin, eds., Domesday Book: A Complete Translation [DB] (London: Penguin, 1992).
   Google Scholar