Evolution of observed ozone, trace gases, and meteorological variables over Arrival Heights, Antarctica (77.8°S, 166.7°E) during the 2019 Antarctic stratospheric sudden warming

Reference

• Adams, C., Strong, K., Zhao, X., Bourassa, A. E., Daffer, W. H. and co-authors. 2013. The spring 2011 final stratospheric warming above Eureka: anomalous dynamics and chemistry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 611–624. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-611-2013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adriani, A., Massoli, P., Di Donfrancesco, G., Cairo, F. and Moriconi, M. L. and co-authors. 2004. Climatology of polar stratospheric clouds based on lidar observations from 1993 to 2001 over McMurdo Station, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. 109, L16810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, M. P., Ayarzagüena, B., Birner, T., Butchart, N., Butler, A. H. and co-authors. 2021. Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. Rev. Geophys. 59, e2020RG000708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodeker, G. E. and Kremser, S. 2020. Indicators of Antarctic ozone depletion: 1979 to 2019. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2020, 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Brasseur, G. P. and Solomon, S. 2005. Composition and chemistry. In: Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere: Chemistry and Physics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere, pp. 265–442.
   Google Scholar
• Charlton, A. J. and Polvani, L. M. 2007. A new look at stratospheric sudden warmings. Part I: Climatology and modeling benchmarks. J. Climate 20, 449–469. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3996.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, X., Huang, W., Fong, W., Yu, Z., Wang, Z. and co-authors. 2011. First lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds and Fe temperatures at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, n/a–n/a. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Considine, D. B., Douglass, A. R., Connell, P. S., Kinnison, D. E. and Rotman, D. A. 2000. A polar stratospheric cloud parameterization for the global modeling initiative three-dimensional model and its response to stratospheric aircraft. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 3955–3973. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Laat, A. T. J. and van Weele, M. 2011. The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole: Observed reduction in ozone destruction by minor sudden stratospheric warmings. Sci. Rep. 1, 38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Mazière, M., Thompson, A. M., Kurylo, M. J., Wild, J. D., Bernhard, G. and co-authors. 2018. The Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC): history, status and perspectives. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 4935–4964. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4935-2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Zafra, R. L., Jaramillo, M., Parrish, A., Solomon, P., Connor, B. and co-authors. 1987. High concentrations of chlorine monoxide at low altitudes in the Antarctic spring stratosphere: Diurnal variation. Nature 328, 408–411. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/328408a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirksen, R. J., Bodeker, G. E., Thorne, P. W., Merlone, A., Reale, T. and co-authors. 2020. Managing the transition from Vaisala RS92 to RS41 radiosondes within the Global Climate Observing System Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN): a progress report. Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. 9, 337–355. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-337-2020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglass, A. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Stolarski, R. S., Waters, J. W., Russell, J. M. and co-authors. 1995. Interhemispheric differences in springtime production of HCl and ClONO2 in the polar vortices. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 13967–13978. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD00698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, B. N., Strahan, S. E., Yoshida, Y., Steenrod, S. D. and Livesey, N. 2007. Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 3713–3736. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3713-2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, C., Toon, G., Schaper, P., Blavier, J.-F. and Lowes, L. 1987. Stratospheric trace gases in the spring 1986 Antarctic atmosphere. Nature 329, 126–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/329126a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieß, U., Kreher, K., Johnston, P. V. and Platt, U. 2005. Ground-based DOAS measurements of stratospheric trace gases at two Antarctic stations during the 2002 ozone hole period. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, 765–777. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-3319.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fussen, D., Baker, N., Debosscher, J., Dekemper, E., Demoulin, P. and co-authors. 2019. The ALTIUS atmospheric limb sounder. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 238, 106542. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2019.06.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A. and co-authors. 2017. The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). J. Climate 30, 5419–5454. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman, M. E., Miller, A. J., Nagatani, R. N. and Long, C. S. 1994. Use of UARS data in the NOAA stratospheric monitoring program. Adv. Space Res. 14, 21–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(94)90111-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glatthor, N., von Clarmann, T., Fischer, H., Funke, B., Grabowski, U. and co-authors. 2005. Mixing processes during the Antarctic Vortex Split in September–October 2002 as inferred from source gas and ozone distributions from ENVISAT–MIPAS. J. Atmos. Sci. 62, 787–800. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-3332.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grooß, J.-U., Konopka, P. and Müller, R. 2005. Ozone Chemistry during the 2002 Antarctic Vortex Split. J. Atmos. Sci. 62, 860–870. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-3330.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grooss, J.-U., Pierce, R. B., Crutzen, P. J., Grose, W. L. and Russell, J. M. III, 1997. Re-formation of chlorine reservoirs in southern hemisphere polar spring. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 13141–13152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegglin, M. I., Tegtmeier, S., Anderson, J., Bourassa, A. E. and Brohede, S. and co-authors. 2020. Overview and update of the SPARC data initiative: Comparison of stratospheric composition measurements from satellite limb sounders. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss 2020, 1–72.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppel, K., Bevilacqua, R., Allen, D., Nedoluha, G. and Randall, C. 2003. POAM III observations of the anomalous 2002 Antarctic ozone hole. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanzawa, H. and Kawaguchi, S. 1990. Large stratospheric sudden warming in Antarctic late winter and shallow ozone hole in 1988. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 77–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i001p00077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlhepp, R., Ruhnke, R., Chipperfield, M. P., De Mazière, M., Notholt, J. and co-authors. 2012. Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total column abundances. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 3527–3556. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3527-2012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreher, K., Keys, J. G., Johnston, P. V., Platt, U. and Liu, X. 1996. Ground-based measurements of OClO and HCl in austral spring 1993 at Arrival Heights. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 1545–1548. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL01318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurylo, M. J. 1991. Network for the detection of stratospheric change. In: Proceedings of the Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Chemistry, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Lait, L. R. 1994. An alternative form for potential vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci. 51, 1754–1759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<1754:AAFFPV>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, E.-P., Hendon, H. H., Butler, A. H. and Garreaud, R. D. Polichtchouk, I. and co-authors. 2020. The 2019 Antarctic sudden stratospheric warming. Newsletter 54.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie, R. L. and Johnston, P. V. 1984. Springtime stratospheric NO2 in Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 73–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/GL011i001p00073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellqvist, J., Galle, B., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F. and Yashcov, D. and co-authors. 2002. Ground-based FTIR observations of chlorine activation and ozone depletion inside the Arctic vortex during the winter of 1999/2000. J. Geophys. Res. 107, SOL 6-1–SOL 6-16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, H. L., Jr., Sanders, R. W. and Solomon, S. 1999. Observations and interpretation of column OClO seasonal cycles at two polar sites. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 18769–18783. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, R., Grooß, J. U., Zafar, A. M., Robrecht, S. and Lehmann, R. 2018. The maintenance of elevated active chlorine levels in the Antarctic lower stratosphere through HCl null cycles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 2985–2997. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2985-2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, R. and Günther, G. 2003. A generalized form of Lait's modified potential vorticity. J. Atmos. Sci. 60, 2229–2237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2229:AGFOLM>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, R., Kunz, A., Hurst, D. F., Rolf, C., Krämer, M. and co-authors. 2016. The need for accurate long-term measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere with global coverage. Earths. Future 4, 25–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015EF000321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima, H., Murata, I., Nagahama, Y., Akiyoshi, H., Saeki, K. and co-authors. 2020. Chlorine partitioning near the polar vortex edge observed with ground-based FTIR and satellites at Syowa Station, Antarctica, in 2007 and 2011. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 20, 1043–1074. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1043-2020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nedoluha, G. E., Connor, B. J., Mooney, T., Barrett, J. W., Parrish, A. and co-authors. 2016. 20 years of ClO measurements in the Antarctic lower stratosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 10725–10734. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10725-2016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, P. A. and Nash, E. R. 2005. The Unusual Southern Hemisphere Stratosphere Winter of 2002. J. Atmos. Sci. 62, 614–628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-3323.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Kawa, S. R., Montzka, S. A. and Schauffler, S. M. 2006. When will the Antarctic ozone hole recover? Geophys. Res. Lett. 33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, P., Nash, E. R., Kramarova, N. and Bulter, A. 2020. Sidebar 6.1: The 2019 southern stratospheric warming [in “State of the Climate in 2019”]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
   Google Scholar
• Nichol, S. 2018. Dobson spectrophotometer# 17. Weather Climate 38, 16–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/26779361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitts, M. C., Poole, L. R., Lambert, A. and Thomason, L. W. 2013. An assessment of CALIOP polar stratospheric cloud composition classification. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 2975–2988. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2975-2013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, J., Garfinkel, C. I., White, I. P. and Schwartz, C. 2020. The Southern Hemisphere Minor Sudden Stratospheric Warming in September 2019 and its predictions in S2S Models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 125, e2020JD032723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rex, M., Harris, N. R. P., von der Gathen, P., Lehmann, R., Braathen, G. O. and co-authors. 1997. Prolonged stratospheric ozone loss in the 1995–96 Arctic winter. Nature 389, 835–838. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/39849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricaud, P., Lefèvre, F., Berthet, G., Murtagh, D. and Llewellyn, E. J. and co-authors. 2005. Polar vortex evolution during the 2002 Antarctic major warming as observed by the Odin satellite. J. Geophys. Res. 110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronsmans, G., Langerock, B., Wespes, C., Hannigan, J. W., Hase, F. and co-authors. 2016. First characterization and validation of FORLI-HNO3 vertical profiles retrieved from IASI/Metop. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 9, 4783–4801. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4783-2016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safieddine, S., Bouillon, M., Paracho, A. ‐C., Jumelet, J., Tencé, F. and co-authors. 2020. Antarctic ozone enhancement during the 2019 sudden stratospheric warming event. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2020GL087810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santee, M. L., MacKenzie, I. A., Manney, G. L., Chipperfield, M. P., Bernath, P. F. and co-authors. 2008. A study of stratospheric chlorine partitioning based on new satellite measurements and modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santee, M. L., Read, W. G., Waters, J. W., Froidevaux, L., Manney, G. L. and co-authors. 1995. Interhemispheric differences in polar stratospheric HNO3, H2O, CIO, and O3. Science 267, 849–852. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5199.849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkissian, A., Pommereau, J. P. and Goutail, F. 1991. Identification of polar stratospheric clouds from the ground by visible spectrometry. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 779–782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/91GL00769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield, R., Johnston, P. V., Thomas, A., Kreher, K., Connor, B. J. and co-authors. 2006. Tropospheric and stratospheric BrO columns over Arrival Heights, Antarctica, 2002. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D22310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, X., Wang, L. and Osprey, S. 2020. Tropospheric Forcing of the 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2020GL089343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, T., Plumb, R. A. and Wofsy, S. C. 2005. The Antarctic stratospheric sudden warming and split ozone hole of 2002. J. Atmos. Sci. 62, 275–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snels, M., Scoccione, A., Di Liberto, L., Colao, F., Pitts, M. and co-authors. 2019. Comparison of Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud observations by ground-based and space-borne lidar and relevance for chemistry–climate models. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 955–972. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-955-2019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, S. 1999. Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history. Rev. Geophys. 37, 275–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG900008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, S., Haskins, J., Ivy, D. J. and Min, F. 2014. Fundamental differences between Arctic and Antarctic ozone depletion. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 6220–6225.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, S., Kinnison, D., Bandoro, J. and Garcia, R. 2015. Simulation of polar ozone depletion: An update. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120, 7958–7974. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, S., Mount, G., Sanders, R. and Schmeltekopf, A. 1987. Visible spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica: 2. Observations of OClO. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 8329–8338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD07p08329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stearns, C. R. and Young, J. T. 1994. Antarctic Meteorological Research Center: 1993. Antarctic J. US 29, 288–289.
   Google Scholar
• Stolarski, R. S., McPeters, R. D. and Newman, P. A. 2005. The Ozone Hole of 2002 as Measured by TOMS. J. Atmos. Sci. 62, 716–720. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-3338.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strahan, S. E., Douglass, A. R., Newman, P. A. and Steenrod, S. D. 2014. Inorganic chlorine variability in the Antarctic vortex and implications for ozone recovery. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 14,098–14,109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strahan, S. E., Douglass, A. R. and Steenrod, S. D. 2016. Chemical and dynamical impacts of stratospheric sudden warmings on Arctic ozone variability. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, 11,836–811,851. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strahan, S. E., Duncan, B. N. and Hoor, P. 2007. Observationally derived transport diagnostics for the lowermost stratosphere and their application to the GMI chemistry and transport model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 2435–2445. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2435-2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strahan, S., Oman, L., Douglass, A. and Coy, L. 2015. Modulation of Antarctic vortex composition by the quasi‐biennial oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 4216–4223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toon, G. C., Blavier, J.-F., Sen, B., Salawitch, R. J., Osterman, G. B. and co-authors. 1999. Ground-based observations of Arctic O3 loss during spring and summer 1997. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 26497–26510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigouroux, C., De Mazière, M., Errera, Q., Chabrillat, S., Mahieu, E. and co-authors. 2007. Comparisons between ground-based FTIR and MIPAS N2O and HNO3 profiles before and after assimilation in BASCOE. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 377–396. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-377-2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vömel, H., Barnes, J. E., Forno, R. N., Fujiwara, M., Hasebe, F. and co-authors. 2007. Accuracy of tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor measurements by the cryogenic frost point hygrometer: Instrumental details and observations. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D08305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Clarmann, T. 2013. Chlorine in the stratosphere. Atmósfera 26, 415–458. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71086-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Clarmann, T. and Johansson, S. 2018. Chlorine nitrate in the atmosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 15363–15386. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15363-2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, T., Leue, C., Pfeilsticker, K. and Platt, U. 2001. Monitoring of the stratospheric chlorine activation by Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) OClO measurements in the austral and boreal winters 1995 through 1999. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 4971–4986. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wargan, K., Weir, B., Manney, G. L., Cohn, S. E. and Livesey, N. J. 2020. The anomalous 2019 Antarctic ozone hole in the GEOS constituent data assimilation system with MLS observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 125, e2020JD033335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennberg, P. 1999. Bromine explosion. Nature 397, 299–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/16805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, S. W., Batchelor, R. L., Goldman, A., Rinsland, C. P. and Connor, B. J. and co-authors. 2004. Ground-based nitric acid measurements at Arrival Heights, Antarctica, using solar and lunar Fourier transform infrared observations. J. Geophys. Res 109, D18307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki, Y., Matthias, V., Miyoshi, Y., Stolle, C., Siddiqui, T. and co-authors. 2020. Antarctic sudden stratospheric warming: Quasi-6-day wave burst and ionospheric effects. Geophys. Res. Lett 47, e2019GL086577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yela, M., Prados-Roman, C., Adame, J. A., Navarro- Comas, M. and Puentedura, O. and co-authors. 2020. 2019 Antarctic stratospheric sudden warming − a DOAS perspective from two NDACC sites. In: 9th DOAS Workshop 3–15 July 2020.
   Google Scholar