Reciprocal associations between shyness, self-esteem, loneliness, depression and Internet addiction in Chinese adolescents

References

• Baggio S, Iglesias K, Berchtold A, Suris JC. 2017. Measuring internet use: comparisons of different assessments and with internet addiction. Addic Res Theory. 25(2):114–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai X, Fan FM. 2005. A study on the internet dependence of college students: the revising and applying of a measurement. Psychol Dev Educ. 4:99–104.
   Google Scholar
• Bengü Y, Ahmet U. 2018. The relationship between internet addiction, social anxiety, impulsivity, self-esteem, and depression in a sample of Turkish undergraduate medical students. Psych Res. 267:313–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Błachnio A, Przepiorka A, Senol-Durak E, Durak M, Sherstyuk L. 2017. The role of personality traits in Facebook and Internet addictions: a study on polish, Turkish, and Ukrainian samples. Comp Human Behav. 68:269–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne MW, Cudeck R. 1993. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen KA, Long JS, editors. Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park (CA): Sage; p. 136–162.
   Google Scholar
• Chen FF, Bi ZZ, Han MF. 2015. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. Adv Psychol. 5:387–392.
   Google Scholar
• China Internet Network Information Center. 2018. Statistical report on the development of internet in China. Beijing (China): CNNIC; p. 8. Chinese.
   Google Scholar
• Davis RA. 2001. A cognitive–behavioral model of pathological internet use. Comp Human Behav. 17(2):187–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan F, Su L, Cao F, Gao X, Jin Y, Xiao H. 2008. Development and psychometric analysis of internet addiction predict test for adolescents. Chin J Clin Psychol. 16:43–56.
   Google Scholar
• Fayazi M, Hasani J. 2017. Structural relations between brain-behavioral systems, social anxiety, depression and internet addiction: with regard to revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-rst). Comp Human Behav. 72:441–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fioravanti G, Davide D, Casale S. 2012. Adolescent internet addiction: testing the association between self-esteem, the perception of internet attributes, and preference for online social interactions. Cyberpsychol, Behav, Social Network. 15(6):318–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fumero A, Marrero RJ, Voltes D, Peñate W. 2018. Personal and social factors involved in internet addiction among adolescents: a meta-analysis. Comp Human Behav. 86:387–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao FQ, Guo ZX, Tian Y, Si YD, Wang P. 2018. Relationship between shyness and generalized pathological internet use among Chinese school students: the serial mediating roles of loneliness, depression, and self-Esteem. Front Psychol. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01822
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong J, Chen X, Zeng J, Li F, Zhou D, Wang Z. 2009. Adolescent addictive internet use and drug abuse in Wuhan, china. Addict Res Theory. 17(3):291–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths MD. 2017. Behavioural addiction and substance addiction should be defined by their similarities not their dissimilarities. Addiction. 112(10):1718–1720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths MD. 2018. Conceptual issues concerning internet addiction and internet gaming disorder. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 16(1):233–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, Billieux J, Pontes HM. 2016. The evolution of internet addiction: a global perspective. Addict Behav. 53:193–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Sun S, Breit-Smith A, Morrison FJ, Connor CM. 2015. Behavioral engagement and reading achievement in elementary-school-age children: a longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. J Educ Psychol. 107(2):332–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadiwijaya H, Klimstra TA, Vermunt JK, Branje SJT, Meeus W. 2017. On the development of harmony, turbulence, and independence in parent-adolescent relationships: a five-wave longitudinal study. J Youth Adolesc. 46(8):1772–1788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamaker EL, Kuiper RM, Grasman RP. 2015. A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychol Meth. 20(1):102–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han L, Geng J, Min J, Gao F, Yang H. 2017. Relationship between shyness and mobile phone addiction in Chinese young adults: mediating roles of self-control and attachment anxiety. Comp Human Behav. 76:363–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa A, Kunisato Y, Morimoto H, Nishimura H, Matsuda Y. 2018. How do rumination and social problem solving intensify depression? A longitudinal study. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther. 36(1):28–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson L, Zimbardo PG. 2002. Shyness as a clinical condition: the Stanford model. In: Alden L, Crozier R, editors. International handbook of social anxiety. Sussex (UK): John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Hu L, Bentler PM. 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structureanalysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Eq. 6(1):1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huan VS, Ang RP, Chong WH, Chye S. 2014. The impact of shyness on problematic internet use: the role of loneliness. J Psychol. 148(6):699–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang S, Hu Y, Ni Q, Qin Y, Wei L. 2019. Parent-children relationship and internet addiction of adolescents: the mediating role of self-concept. Curr Psychol. 3:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis K, Treder MS, Chamberlain SR, Kiraly F, Redden SA, Stein DJ, Lochner C, Grant JE. 2018. Problematic internet use as an age-related multifaceted problem: evidence from a two-site survey. Addict Behav. 81:157–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivezaj V, Potenza MN, Grilo CM, White MA. 2017. An exploratory examination of at-risk/problematic internet use and disordered eating in adults. Addict Behav. 64:301–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyitoglu O, Çeliköz N. 2017. Exploring the impact of internet addiction on academic achievement. Eur J Educ Stud. 3:38–59.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson T, Fritch A, Nagasaka T, Gunderson J. 2002. Towards explaining the association between shyness and loneliness: a path analysis with American college students. Soc Behav Pers. 30(3):263–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltiala-Heino R, Lintonen T, Rimpel A. 2004. Internet addiction? potentially problematic use of the internet in a population of 12–18 year-old adolescents. Addic Res Theory. 12(1):89–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HK, Davis KE. 2009. Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic internet use: evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow, and the self-rated importance of internet activities. Comp Human Behav. 25(2):490–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofler MJ, Mccart MR, Zajac K, Ruggiero KJ, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG. 2011. Depression and delinquency covariation in an accelerated longitudinal sample of adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 79(4):458–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiper RM, Ryan O. 2018. Drawing conclusions from cross-lagged relationships: re-considering the role of the time-interval. Struct Eq Model: A Multidisciplinary J. 25(5):809–823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei ZH, Xu R, Deng SB, Yj L. 2011. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale among Chinese school students. Chin J Mental Health. 25:136–140.
   Google Scholar
• Lin MP, Wu J, You J, Chang KM, Hu WH, Xu S. 2018. Association between online and offline social support and internet addiction in a representative sample of senior high school students in Taiwan: the mediating role of self-esteem. Comp Human Behav. 84:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu QX, Fang XY, Deng LY, Zhang JT. 2012. Parent-adolescent communication, parental internet use and internet-specific norms and pathological internet use among Chinese adolescents. Comp Human Behav. 28(4):1269–1275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo R. 2002. A longitudinal study of perceived level of stress, coping and self-esteem of undergraduate nursing students: an Australian case study. J Adv Nurs. 39(2):119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamun MA, Rafi MA, Mamun ASA, Hasan MZ, Griffiths MD. 2019. Prevalence and psychiatric risk factors of excessive internet use among northern Bangladeshi job-seeking graduate students: a pilot study. Int J Mental Health Addic. 3:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Martens MP, Haase RF. 2006. Advanced applications of structural equation modeling in counseling psychology research. The Counsel Psychol. 34(6):878–911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montag C, Bey K, Sha P, Li M, Chen Y-F, Liu W-Y, Zhu Y-K, Li C-B, Markett S, Keiper J, et al. 2015. Is it meaningful to distinguish between generalized and specific internet addiction? Evidence from a cross-cultural study from Germany, Sweden, Taiwan and China. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 7(1):20–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SK, Kim JY, Cho CB. 2008. Prevalence of internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents. Adolescence. 172:895–909.
   Google Scholar
• Radloff LS. 1977. A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Measure. 1(3):385–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rębisz S, Sikora I. 2016. Internet addiction in adolescents. Pract Theory Syst Educ. 11(3):194–204.
   Google Scholar
• Riva G, Teruzzi T, Anolli L. 2003. The use of the internet in psychological research: comparison of online and offline questionnaires. CyberPsychol Behav. 6(1):73–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers WM, Schmitt N. 2004. Parameter recovery and model fit using multidimensional composites: a comparison of four empirical parceling algorithms. Multivar Behav Res. 39(3):379–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg M. 1965. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Russell D, Peplau LA, Ferguson ML. 1978. Developing a measure of loneliness. J Personal Assess. 42(3):290–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sami H, Danielle L, Lihi D, Elena S. 2018. The effect of sleep disturbances and internet addiction on suicidal ideation among adolescents in the presence of depressive symptoms. Psych Res. 267:327–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song WJ, Park JW. 2019. The influence of stress on internet addiction: mediating effects of self-control and mindfulness. Int J Ment Health Addic. 17(4):1063–1010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorén E, Andersson G, Lunner T. 2012. The use of research questionnaires with hearing impaired adults: online vs. paper-and-pencil administration. BMC Ear Nose and Throat Disorders. 12:12–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tian Y, Bian Y, Han P, Gao F, Wang P. 2017. Associations between psychosocial factors and generalized pathological internet use in Chinese university students: a longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. Comp Human Behav. 72:178–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Y, Guo ZX, Shi JR, Bian YL, Han PG, Wang P, Gao FQ. 2018. Bidirectional mediating role of loneliness in the association between shyness and generalized pathological internet use in Chinese university students: a longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. The J Psychol. 152(8):529–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojak B, Zullino D, Achab S. 2017. Brain stimulation to treat internet addiction: a commentary. Addict Behav. 64:363–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaisey S, Miles A. 2017. What you can—and can’t—do with three-wave panel data. Sociological Meth Res. 46(1):44–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang DF. 1995. A study on the reliability and validity of the Russel Loneliness Scale. Chin J Clin Psychol. 3:23–25.
   Google Scholar
• Wang L, Luo J, Bai Y, Kong J, Luo J, Gao W, Sun X. 2013. Internet addiction of adolescents in china: prevalence, predictors, and association with well-being. Addict Res Theory. 21(1):62–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Tao T, Fan C, Gao W, Wei C. 2017. The association between internet addiction and both impulsivity and effortful control and its variation with age. Addict Res Theory. 25(1):83–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang QQ, Wang P, Han L, Gong RY, Gao FQ. 2009. The revision of college students’ shyness scale and its relevant study. Psychol Sci. 32:204–206.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Li D, Li X, Wang Y, Sun W, Zhao L, Qiu L. 2018. Parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent internet addiction: a moderated mediation model. Addict Behav. 84:171–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright KB. 2006. Researching internet‐based populations: advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. J Computer-Mediated Communic. 10(3):01–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xin M, Xing J, Peng FW, Houru L, Meng CW, Hong Z. 2018. Online activities, prevalence of internet addiction and risk factors related to family and school among adolescents in China. Addict Behav Rep. 7:14–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yao MZ, Zhong ZJ. 2014. Loneliness, social contacts and internet addiction: a cross-lagged panel study. Comp Human Behav. 30:164–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young KS. 1998. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav. 1(3):237–244.
   Google Scholar
• Young KS, Case CJ. 2004. Internet abuse in the workplace: new trends in risk management. Cyberpsychol Behav. 7(1):105–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu JJ. 2016. The intertwined relationship between self-esteem and peer stress among Korean adolescents: a prospective longitudinal study. Soc Dev. 25(1):157–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang WX, Zhang L, Chen L, Ji LQ, Deater-Deckard D. 2019. Developmental changes in longitudinal associations between academic achievement and psychopathological symptoms from late childhood to middle adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 60(2):178–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann F, Schutte K, Taskinen P, Koller O. 2013. Reciprocal effects between adolescent externalizing problems and measures of achievement. J Educ Psychol. 105(3):747–761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar