Would an increase in vegetable and fruit intake help to reduce the burden of nutrition-related disease in South Africa? An umbrella review of the evidence

References

• Bosman L, Herselman MG, Kruger HS, Labadarios D. Secondary analysis of anthropometric data from a South African national food consumption survey, using different growth reference standards. Matern Child Health J. 2011;15(8):1372–1380.
   Google Scholar
• Labadarios D, Steyn NP, Maunder E, et al. The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS): South Africa, 1999. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(5):533–543.
   Google Scholar
• Norman R, Bradshaw D, Schneider M, et al. A comparative risk assessment for South Africa in 2000: towards promoting health and preventing disease. S Afr Med J. 2007;97(8 Pt 2):637–641.
   Google Scholar
• Labadarios D, Swart R, Maunder EMW, et al. Executive summary of the National Food Consumption Survey Fortification Baseline (NFCS-FB-I) South Africa, 2005. S Afr J Clin Nutr. 2008;21(3):S247–S300.
   Google Scholar
• Labadarios D, Middelkoop A. Children Aged 6-71 months in South Africa, 1994: the anthropometric, Vitamin A and iron status. Report of the South African Vitamin A Consultative Group (SAVACG). Pretoria: SAVACG;1995.
   Google Scholar
• Bourne LT, Langenhoven ML, Steyn K, et al. Nutritional status of 3-6 year-old African children in the Cape Peninsula. East Afr Med J. 1994;71(11):695–702.
   Google Scholar
• Mamabolo RL, Steyn NP, Alberts M. Can the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, stunting and overweight in children at ages 1 and 3 years in the Central Region of Limpopo province be explained by diet? S Afr J Clin Nutr. 2006;19(3):102–113.
   Google Scholar
• Faber M, Benade AJ. Nutritional status and dietary practices of 4-24-month-old children from a rural South African community. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2(2):179–185.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Mayosi BM, Flisher AJ, Lalloo UG, et al. The burden of non-communicable diseases in South Africa. Lancet. 2009;374(9693):934–947.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy SP, James S, Sewpaul R, et al. Umthente Uhlaba Usamila: The South African Youth Risk Behaviour Survey, 2008. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Craig WJ. Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97(10 Suppl 2):S199–S204.
   Google Scholar
• American Institute for Cancer Research, World Cancer Research Fund. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington: AICR; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal R, Anand S, Ounpuu S, et al. Dietary patterns and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in 52 countries: results of the INTERHEART study. Circulation. 2008;118(19):1929–1937.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO fruit and vegetable promotion initiative. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Naude CE. Fruit and vegetable consumption by South African children, aged 12 to 108 months: a secondary analysis of the National Food Consumption Survey data [thesis]. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Steyn NP, Nel JH, Nantel G, et al. Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: are they good indicators of dietary adequacy? Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(5):644–650.
   Google Scholar
• Faber M, Laubscher R, Laurie S. Availability of, access to and consumption of fruits and vegetables in a peri-urban area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Matern Child Nutr. 2013;9(3):409–424.
   Google Scholar
• Rossouw CR. Eating habits and nutrient intakes of 10-15 year old children in the North West province [thesis]. Potchefstroom: North West University; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Grant MJ, Booth A. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Info Libr J. 2009;26(2):91–108.
   Google Scholar
• Shea BJ, Hamel C, Wells GA, et al. AMSTAR is a reliable and valid measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1013–1020.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Linde RM, Stephan BDM, Savva GM, Dening T, Brayne C. Systematic reviews on behavioural and psychological symptoms in the older or demented population. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2012;4(4):28.
   Google Scholar
• Aune D, Lau R, Chan DS, et al. Nonlinear reduction in risk for colorectal cancer by fruit and vegetable intake based on meta-analysis of prospective studies. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(1):106–118.
   Google Scholar
• Lam TK, Gallicchio L, Lindsley K, et al. Cruciferous vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(1):184–195.
   Google Scholar
• Masset E, Haddad L, Cornelius A, Isaza-Castro J. A systematic review of agricultural interventions that aim to improve nutritional status of children. Research for Development [homepage on the Internet]. 2011. Available from: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/R4D/PDF/Outputs/SystematicReviews/Masset_etal_agriculture_and_nutrition.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ledoux TA, Hingle MD, Baranowski T. Relationship of fruit and vegetable intake with adiposity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2011;12(5):e143–e150.
   Google Scholar
• Kim HJ, Lim SY, Lee JS, et al. Fresh and pickled vegetable consumption and gastric cancer in Japanese and Korean populations: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Sci. 2010;101(2):508–516.
   Google Scholar
• Soerjomataram I, Oomen D, Lemmens V, et al. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables and future cancer incidence in selected European countries. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(14):2563–2580.
   Google Scholar
• Wakai K, Matsuo K, Nagata C, et al. Lung cancer risk and consumption of vegetables and fruit: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiological evidence from Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2011;41(5):693–708.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Zhuang W, Hu W, et al. Consumption of large amounts of Allium vegetables reduces risk for gastric cancer in a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(1):80–89.
   Google Scholar
• Lock K, Pomerleau J, Causer L, McKee M. Global burden of disease due to low fruit and vegetable consumption. In: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL, editors. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2004; p. 597–728.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider M, Norman R, Steyn NP, Bradshaw D. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to low fruit and vegetable intake in South Africa in 2000. S Afr Med J. 2007;97(8):717–723.
   Google Scholar
• Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Hercberg S, Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Nutr. 2006;136(10):2588–2593.
   Google Scholar
• He FJ, Nowson CA, Lucas M, MacGregor GA. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21(9):717–728.
   Google Scholar
• Law MR, Morris JK. By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease? Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52(8):549–556.
   Google Scholar
• Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Neurology. 2005;65(8):1193–1197.
   Google Scholar
• He FJ, Nowson CA, MacGregor GA. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet. 2006;367(9507):320–326.
   Google Scholar
• Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c4229.
   Google Scholar
• Hamer M, Chida Y. Intake of fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2007;25(12):2361–2369.
   Google Scholar
• Alinia S, Hels O, Tetens I. The potential association between fruit intake and body weight: a review. Obes Rev. 2009;10(6):639–647.
   Google Scholar
• Faith MS, Dennison BA, Edmunds LS, Stratton HH. Fruit juice intake predicts increased adiposity gain in children from low-income families: weight status-by-environment interaction. Pediatrics. 2006;118(5):2066–2075.
   Google Scholar
• Newby PK, Peterson KE, Berkey CS, et al. Dietary composition and weight change among low-income preschool children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(8):759–764.
   Google Scholar
• Faber M, van Jaarsveld PJ, Laubscher R. The contribution of dark-green leafy vegetables to total micronutrient intake of two- to five-year-old children in a rural setting. Water SA. 2007;33(3):407–412.
   Google Scholar
• Faber M, Laubscher R. Seasonal availability and dietary intake of beta-carotene-rich vegetables and fruit of 2-year-old to 5-year-old children in a rural South African setting growing these crops at household level. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008;59(1):46–60.
   Google Scholar
• Norman R, Bradshaw D, Groenewald P, et al. Revised burden of disease estimates for the Comparative Risk Factor Assessment, South Africa, 2000. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Steyn K, Fourie J, Temple N. Chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa: 1995 - 2005. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Kelder SH, Perry CL, Klepp KI, Lytle LL. Longitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(7):1121–1126.
   Google Scholar
• Te Velde SJ, Twisk JW, Brug J. Tracking of fruit and vegetable consumption from adolescence into adulthood and its longitudinal association with overweight. Br J Nutr. 2007;98(2):431–438.
   Google Scholar
• Ness AR, Maynard M, Frankel S, et al. Diet in childhood and adult cardiovascular and all cause mortality: the Boyd Orr cohort. Heart. 2005;91(7):894–898.
   Google Scholar
• Agudo A. Measuring intake of fruit and vegetables. World Health Organization [homepage on the Internet]. 2004. c2012. Available from: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/f&v_intake_measurement.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Principles, criteria and guidelines for using the 5-a-day logo for the promotion of vegables, fruit and their products. Birkenhead: 5-a-Day for Better Health Trust; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Labadarios D, Steyn NP, Nel J. How diverse is the diet of adult South Africans? Nutr J. 2011;10:33.
   Google Scholar