References

• Albrechtsen, S. J. (2000). Technology and leisure in the new millennium. Leisure Issues, 3(1), 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Aleinzi, S. F., & Alajloni, K. (2009). Educational effects of using the internet from the viewpoint of secondary school students. Journal of Education, Ain Shams University, 4(31), 337–371. (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Al-Homoud, F. (2005). The impact of the internet and satellite TV on the moral values of the students in the secondary school. Journal of Teachers College, 5(2). (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Al-Luhiani, K. (2008). The effect of space channel on teenagers in Saudi Arabia from male and female educators’ points of view. New York, NY: Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Almuntashri, F. Y. (2012). The use by Saudi youth of YouTube and what satisfaction they achieve (MA thesis). King Saud University, Riyadh (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Alnaimem. (2012). The impact of virtual relationships on social relations. Journal of Research: Education and Psychology, 17(2). (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Al-Otaiby, M. (2014). Youth deviances: A social study on pattern and factors of youth deviances in Jeddah Governorate (PhD thesis). King Abdul-Aziz University, Riyadh.
   Google Scholar
• Alswayn, N. (2014). The impact of social networks on youth culture: A field study on a sample of university students. Journal of Middle East Research, 2(34), 654–676. (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Alzahrani, A. (2008). The Saudi youth trends towards the dialogue religious programs on the Arabic channel (MA thesis). Naif Arab University for Security Science, Riyadh (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• ASBAR. (2005a). Saudi youth: Their problems and aspirations. Riyadh: Asbar Centre for Studies and Communications (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• ASBAR. (2005b). Youth and the effects of the satellite channels. Riyadh: Asbar Centre for Studies & Communications (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• ASBAR. (2005c). How Saudi youth deal with media and the culture tools. Riyadh: Asbar Centre for Studies & Communications (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller. (2008). The arab millennials: Understanding the aspirations and attitudes of Middle East youth. Dubai: Author.
   Google Scholar
• ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller. (2016). 8th annual ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller Arab youth survey: Inside the hearts and minds of arab youth. Dubai: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (2012). Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the internet age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, I. (2013, March 20). Insight: youth, change, and the future of Saudi Arabia. Middle East Voices. Retrieved from http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com
   Google Scholar
• Della Porta, D., & Mattoni A. (Eds.). (2014). Spreading protest: Social movements in times of crisis. Colchester: ECPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foley, C., Holzman, C., & Wearing, S. (2007). Moving beyond conspicuous leisure consumption: Adolescent women, mobile phones and public space. Leisure Studies, 26, 179–192. doi: 10.1080/02614360500418555
   Google Scholar
• Global Research Strategy Report: Economy – KSA. (2016). Saudi vision 2030. Kuwait: Global Investment House.
   Google Scholar
• Hesmondalgh, S. (2013). The cultural industries. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Honwana, A. (2013). Youth and revolution in Tunisia. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. (2013). Transformation of the Kingdom into knowledge society/knowledge-based economy. Riyadh: Government of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Kraidy, M. M. (2013). Television reform in Saudi Arabia: The challenges of transnationalization and digitization. In M. M. Guaaybess (Ed.), National broadcasting and state policy in Arab countries (pp. 28–41). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, L. (2008). The impact of young people’s internet use on class boundaries and life trajectories. Sociology, 42, 137–153. doi: 10.1177/0038038507084829
   Google Scholar
• Mason, M. (2008). The pirate’s dilemma: How hackers, punk capitalists, graffiti millionaires and other youth movements are remixing our culture and changing our world. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, C. (2011). Saudi Arabia’s youth and the Kingdom’s future. Middle East Program, Occasional Paper Series. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Noueihed, L., & Warren, A. (2013). The battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, counter-revolution and the making of a new era. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pilkington, H. (1994). Russia’s youth and its culture. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Samin, N. (2008). Dynamics of internet use: Saudi youth, religious minorities and tribal communities. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 1, 197–215. doi: 10.1163/187398608X335838
   Google Scholar
• Selwyn, N. (2003). Schooling the mobile generation: The future of schools in the mobile networked society. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24, 131–144. doi: 10.1080/01425690301905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, A. (2016, January 7). Does Twitter bridge the Sunni-Shiite divide or make it worse? Washington Post.
   Google Scholar
• Subehi, M. S., & Al-Mosa, H. N. (2013). The relationship between the use of the internet and social alienation among young people. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6, 194–235. (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, M. C. (2017). Societal transformation, public opinion and Saudi youth: Views from an academic elite. Middle Eastern Studies, 53, 834–857. doi: 10.1080/00263206.2017.1304918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S., & Williams, L. (2005). Space invaders: The negotiation of teenage boundaries through the mobile phone. The Sociological Review, 53, 314–331. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00516.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar