763
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Papers

Turning over a new leaf in Colorado: an exploration of legalized recreational marijuana preferences, leisure interests, and leisure motivations in a sample of young adults

, &
Pages 113-130 | Received 31 Mar 2017, Accepted 14 Mar 2018, Published online: 16 Sep 2018

References

  • Agrawal, A., Budney, A., & Lynskey, M. (2012). The co-occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: A review. Addiction, 107(7), 1221–1233. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x
  • Annis, H., Turner, N., & Sklar, H. (1997). Inventory of drug-taking situations: User's guide. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
  • ArcView Market Research and New Frontier. (2016). The state of legal Marijuana markets, executive summary (4th ed.). Oakland, CA: The ArcView Group.
  • Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15, 219–228. doi: 10.1080/00222216.1983.11969557
  • Becker, H. S. (1953). Becoming a marihuana user. American Journal of Sociology, 59(3), 235–242. doi: 10.1086/221326
  • Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. New York, NY: Macmillan.
  • Belendiuk, K., Babson, K., Vandrey, R., & Bonn-Miller, M. (2015). Cannabis species and cannabinoid concentration preference among sleep-disturbed medicinal cannabis users. Addictive Behaviors, 50, 178–181. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.032
  • Belhassen, Y., Santos, C., & Uriely, N. (2007). Cannabis usage in tourism: A sociological perspective. Leisure Studies, 26(3), 303–319. doi: 10.1080/02614360600834958
  • Bell, C., Slim, J., Flaten, H., Lindberg, G., Arek, W., & Monte, A. (2015). Butane hash oil burns associated with marijuana liberalization in Colorado. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 11, 422–425. doi: 10.1007/s13181-015-0501-0
  • Bennett, T., & Holloway, K. (2009). The causal connection between drug misuse and crime. British Journal of Criminology, 49, 513–531. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azp014
  • Bennett, T., Holloway, K., & Farrington, D. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 107–118. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.001
  • Borodovsky, J., Crosier, B., Lee, D., Sargent, J., & Budney, A. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 141–147. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022
  • Burstein, S. (2015). Cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogs: A review of their effects on inflammation. Bioorgaic & Medicinal Chemistry, 23(7), 1377–85. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.059
  • CDOR Marijuana Enforcement. (2016). Marijuana enforcement. Colorado Department of Revenue. Retrieved from https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/enforcement/marijuanaenforcement
  • CDOR MED Licensed Facilities. (2016). Number of licensed retail marijuana business as of May 3, 2015. Colorado Department of Revenue. Retrieved from https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/enforcement/med-licensed-facilities
  • Choi, N., DiNitto, D., Marti, C., Nathan, C., & Bryan, Y. (2016). Relationship between marijuana and other illicit drug use and depression/suicidal thoughts among late middle-aged and older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(4), 577–589. doi: 10.1017/S1041610215001738
  • Ciairano, S., Bosma, H., Miceli, R., & Settanni, M. (2008). Adolescent substance use in two European countries: Relationships with psychosocial adjustment, peers, and activities. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8(1), 119–138.
  • Daniulaityte, R., Nahhas, R., Wijeratne, S., Carlson, R., Lamy, F., Martins, S., … Sheth, A. (2015). “Time for dabs”: Analyzing Twitter data on marijuana concentrates across the U.S.. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 307–311. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.1199
  • Dekker, N., Linszen, D., & De Haan, L. (2009). Reasons for cannabis use and effects of cannabis use as reported by patients with psychotic disorders. Psychopathology, 42, 350–360. doi: 10.1159/000236906
  • Drug Policy Alliance. (2014). Marijuana legalization in Colorado after one year of retail sales and two years of decriminalization. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/251755107/Colorado-Marijuana-Legalization-One-Year-Status-Report-pdf#download&from_embed
  • Duff, C. (2005). Party drugs and party people: Examining the ‘normalization’ of recreational drug use in Melbourne, Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(3), 161–170. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.02.001
  • Duff, C., Asbridge, M., Brochu, S., Cousineau, M., Hathaway, A., Marsh, D., & Erickson, P. (2012). A Canadian perspective on cannabis normalization among adults. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(4), 271–283. doi: 10.3109/16066359.2011.618957
  • Duff, C., & Erickson, P. (2014). Cannabis, risk and normalisation: Evidence from a Canadian study of socially integrated, adult cannabis users. Health, Risk & Society, 16(3), 210–226. doi: 10.1080/13698575.2014.911823
  • Fergusson, D., Horwood, L., & Swain-Campbell, N. (2003). Ethnicity and criminal convictions: Results of a 21-year longitudinal study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 36(3), 354–367. Retrieved from doi:10.1375/acri.36.3.354
  • Frank, V., Christensen, A., & Dah, H. (2013). Cannabis use during a life course - integrating cannabis use into everyday life. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 13(1), 44–50. doi: 10.1108/17459261311310844
  • Giroud, C., De Cesare, M., Berthet, A., Varlet, V., Concha-Lozano, N., & Favrat, B. (2015). E-Cigarettes: A review of New trends in cannabis use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(8), 9988–10008. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120809988
  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
  • Green, K., Doherty, E., Stuart, A., & Ensminger, M. (2010). Does heavy adolescent marijuana use lead to criminal involvement in adulthood? Evidence from a multiwave longitudinal study of urban African Americans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 112, 117–125. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.018
  • Haines, R., Johnson, J., Carter, C., & Arora, K. (2009). “I couldn’t say, I’m not a girl”–adolescents talk about gender and marijuana use. Social Science Medicine, 68(11), 2029–2036. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.003
  • Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction, 110(1), 19–35. doi: 10.1111/add.12703
  • Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. (2014). The adverse health effects of chronic cannabis use. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(1–2), 39–45. doi: 10.1002/dta.1506
  • Hathaway, A. (1997). Marijuana and lifestyle: Exploring tolerable deviance. Deviant Behavior, 18(3), 213–232. doi: 10.1080/01639625.1997.9968056
  • Hathaway, A. (2003). Cannabis effects and dependency concerns in long-term frequent users: A missing piece of the public health puzzle. Addiction Research & Theory, 11(6), 441–458. doi: 10.1080/1606635021000041807
  • Hathaway, A. (2004). Cannabis careers reconsidered: Transitions and trajectories of committed long-term users. Contemporary Drug Problems, 31(3), 401–423. doi: 10.1177/009145090403100302
  • Hathaway, A., Comeau, N., & Erickson, P. (2011). Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11(5), 451–469. doi: 10.1177/1748895811415345
  • Haug, N., Padula, C., Sottile, J., Vandrey, R., Heinz, A., & Bonn-Miller, M. (2017). Cannabis use patterns and motives: A comparison of younger, middle-aged, and older medical cannabis dispensary patients. Addictive Behaviors, 72, 14–20. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.006
  • Hazekamp, A., & Fischedick, J. (2012). Cannabis – from cultivar to chemovar. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4(7–8), 660–7. doi: 10.1002/dta.407
  • Jarvis, S., Rassmussen, S., & Winters, B. (2017). Role of the endocannabinoid system and medical cannabis. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 13(9), 525–531. doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2017.05.014
  • Kang, S., O’Leary, J., & Miller, J. (2016). From forbidden fruit to the goose that lays golden eggs. SAGE Open, 6(4). doi: 10.1177/2158244016679213
  • Krauss, M., Sowles, S., Mylvaganam, S., Zewdie, K., Bierut, L., & Cavazos-Rehg, P. (2015). Displays of dabbing marijuana extracts on YouTube. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 45–51. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.020
  • Kronbaek, M., & Frank, A. (2013). Perspectives on daily cannabis use: Consumerism or a problem for treatment? Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 30, 387–402. doi: 10.2478/nsad-2013-0034
  • Lamy, F., Daniulaityte, R., Sheth, A., Nahhas, R., Martins, S., Boyer, E., & Carlson, R. (2016). “Those edibles hit hard”: Exploration of Twitter data on cannabis edibles in the U.S. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 164(1), 64–70. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.029
  • Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 709–718. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008
  • Lee, D., Crosier, B., Borodovsky, J., Sargent, J., & Budney, A. (2015). Online survey characterizing vaporizer use among cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 159, 227–233. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.020
  • Liebregts, N., van der Pol, P., van Larr, M., De Graaf, R., van den Brink, W., & Korf, D. (2015). The role of leisure and delinquency in frequent cannabis use and dependence trajectories among young adults. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 143–152. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.014
  • Lin, L. A., Ilgen, M. A., Jannausch, M., & Bohnert, K. M. (2016). Comparing adults who use cannabis medically with those who use recreationally: Results from a national sample. Addictive Behaviors, 61, 99–103. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.015
  • Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2014). A new method of cannabis ingestion: The dangers of dabs? Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1430–1433. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013
  • Lorente, F., Peretti-Watel, P., & Grelot, L. (2005). Cannabis use to enhance sportive and non-sportive performances among French sport students. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1382–1391. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.01.019
  • MacCoun, R., & Mello, M. (2015). Half Baked - The retail promotion of marijuana edibles. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 989–991. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1416014
  • May, C., & Finch, T. (2009). Implementing, embedding, and integrating practices: An outline of normalization process theory. Sociology, 43(3), 535–554. doi: 10.1177/0038038509103208
  • McNaughton Reyes, H., Foshee, V., Bauer, D., & Ennett, S. (2014). Proximal and time-varying effects of cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and other hard drug use on adolescent dating aggression. Journal of Adolescence, 37(3), 281–289. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.002
  • Medithrive Direct. (2014). Cannabis. Retrieved from http://Medithrive.com/cannabis
  • Merton, R. (1957). Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press.
  • Moffat, B., Johnson, J., & Shoveller, J. (2009). A gateway to nature: Teenagers’ narratives on smoking marijuana outdoors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(1), 86–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.05.007
  • Murphy, F., Sales, P., Murphy, S., Averill, S., Lau, N., & Sato, S. O. (2015). Baby boomers and cannabis delivery systems. Journal of Drug Issues, 45, 293–313. doi: 10.1177/0022042615580991
  • Osborne, G., & Fogel, C. (2008). Understanding the motivations for recreational marijuana use among adult Canadians. Substance Use & Misuse, 43, 539–572. doi: 10.1080/10826080701884911
  • Parker, H. (2005). Normalization as barometer: Recreational drug use and the consumption of leisure by young Britons. Addiction Research & Theory, 13, 205–215. doi: 10.1080/16066350500053703
  • Parker, H., Williams, L., & Aldridge, J. (2002). The normalization of sensible recreational drug use: More evidence from the North West England longitudinal study. Sociology, 36, 941–964. doi: 10.1177/003803850203600408
  • Pearce, D., Mitsouras, K., & Irizarry, K. (2014). Discriminating the effects of cannabis sativa and cannabis indica: A web survey of medical cannabis users. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20, 787–791. doi: 10.1089/acm.2013.0190
  • Peretti-Watel, P., & Lorente, F. (2004). Cannabis use, sport practice and other leisure activities at the end of adolescence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73(3), 251–257. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.016
  • Peterson, S. (2017). A pot-smoker’s guide to elite marijuana tourism. Travel & Leisure. Retrieved from http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/marijuana-tourism-colorado-washington
  • Ragheb, M., & Beard, J. (1992). Measuring leisure interests. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 10, 1–13.
  • Robinson. (2006).
  • Rojek. (2000).
  • Rosenau, P. (1992). Post-Modernism and the social sciences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Schaub, M., Gmel, G., Annaheim, B., Mueller, M., & Schwappach, D. (2010). Leisure time activities that predict initiation, progression and reduction of cannabis use: A prospective, population-based panel survey. Drug and Alcohol Review, 29, 378–384. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00156.x
  • Schauer, G., King, B., Bunnell, R., Promoff, G., & McAfee, T. (2016). Toking, vaping, and eating for health or fun: Marijuana use patterns in adults. U.S., 2014. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(1), 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.027
  • Shannon, S., & Opila-Lehman, J. (2016). Effectiveness of cannabidiol Oil for pediatric anxiety and insomnia as part of posttraumatic stress disorder: A case report. The Permanente Journal, 20(4), 108–111.
  • Sharp, E., Coffman, D., Caldwell, L., Smith, E., Wegner, L., Vergnani, T., & Mathews, C. (2011). Predicting substance use behaviour among South African adolescents: The role of leisure experiences across time. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(4), 343–351. doi: 10.1177/0165025411404494
  • Shukla, R. (2005). Using marijuana in adulthood. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 4, 153–182. doi: 10.1300/J233v04n03_07
  • Smith, J. (2015, July 17). A look back: The timeline of the marijuana legalization movement in Colorado. Summit Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.postindependent.com/news/entertainment/a-look-back-the-timeline-of-the-marijuana-legalization-movement-in-colorado/
  • Summerlin, R. (2017, January 30). Federal marijuana enforcement could be catastrophic to Colorado economy. The Aspen Times. Retrieved from http://www.aspentimes.com/priority/main-headline/federal-marijuana-enforcement-could-be-catastrophic-to-colorado-economy/
  • Szaflarski, J., & Bebin, E. (2014). Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy–from receptors to clinical response. Epilepsy & Behavior, 41, 277–82. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.08.135
  • Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2001). Using multivariate analysis (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon: Boston.
  • Terry-McElrath, Y., & O‘Malley, P. (2011). Substance use and exercise participation among young adults: Parallel trajectories in a national cohort-sequential study. Addiction, 106(10), 1855–1865. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03489.x
  • Thornton, L., Baker, A., Johnson, M., & Lewin, T. (2013). Perceived risk associated with tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use among people with and without psychotic disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 38(6), 2246–2251. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.02.003
  • Uriely, N., & Belhassen, Y. (2006). Drugs and risk-taking in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 339–359. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.10.009
  • Volkow, N., Baler, R., Compton, W., & Weiss, S. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana Use. New England Journal of Medicine, 370, 2219–2227. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1402309
  • Wallace, A. (2017). Report: American’s marijuana industry headed for $24 billion by 2025. The Gazette. Retrieved from http://gazette.com/article/1597402
  • Walther, B., Morgenstern, M., & Hanewinkel, R. (2012). Co-occurrence of addictive behaviours: Personality factors related to substance use, gambling and computer gaming. European Addiction Research, 18(4), 167–174. doi: 10.1159/000335662
  • Wilkie, G., Sakr, B., & Rizack, T. (2016). Medical marijuana Use in oncology. Journal of the American Medical Association - Oncology, 2(5), 670–675.
  • Wolfensberger, W. (1984). A reconceptualization of normalisation as social role valorization. Mental Retardation, 34, 22–25.
  • Yeomans-Maldonado, G., & Patrick, M. (2015). The effect of perceived risk on the combined used of alcohol and marijuana: Results from daily surveys. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 2, 33–36. doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2015.05.004

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.