Tourists’ perceptions towards stray/free-roaming animals (FRA): the case of İzmir, Turkey

References

• Abdulkarim, A., Khan, M. A. K. B. G., & Aklilu, E. (2021). Stray animal population control: Methods, public health concern, ethics, and animal welfare issues. World's Veterinary Journal, 11(3), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj44
   Google Scholar
• Ahuvia, A. (2001). Traditional, interpretive, and reception based content analyses: Improving the ability of content analysis to address issues of pragmatic and theoretical concern. Social Indicators Research, 54(2), 139–172. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011087813505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiraslani, F. (2023). You are not welcome! A media analysis of risk factors, prevalence and management of free-roaming dogs in Iran. Animals, 13(14), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13142347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arluke, A. (2003). Ethnozoology and the future of sociology. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 23(3), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330310790246
   Google Scholar
• Aydoğdu, M., & Meral, O. Ö. (2019). Sahipsiz köpeklerin popülasyonunun kontrol altına alınması ve buna ilişkin hukuki altyapının oluşturulması [Controlling population of stray dogs and creating related legal framework]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 21, 2129–2159. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://hukuk.deu.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/MURAT-AYDOGDU-OGUZHAN-MERAL.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• BBC. (2022). 4 Nisan sokak hayvanları günü: Türkiye'de sokak hayvanları ne durumda ve neden tartışılıyor? [April 4th stray animals day: What is the situation of stray animals in Turkey and why are they being discussed?]. Retrieved December 14, 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-60947128.
   Google Scholar
• Beckman, M., Hill, K. E., Farnworth, M. J., Bolwell, C. F., Bridges, J., & Acke, E. (2014). Tourists’ perceptions of the free-roaming dog population in Samoa. Animals, 4(4), 599–611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4040599
   Google Scholar
• Boddy, C. R. (2016). Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 19(4), 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budd, R. W., Thorp, R. K., & Donohew, L. (1967). Content analysis of communications. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Camprubí, R., & Coromina, L. (2016). Content analysis in tourism research. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (2009). The wild and the humanized: Animals in Thai tourism. Anatolia, 20(1), 100–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2009.10518898
   Google Scholar
• Corfmat, J., Gibson, A. D., Mellanby, R. J., Watson, W., Appupillai, M., Yale, G., Gamble, L., & Mazeri, S. (2023). Community attitudes and perceptions towards free-roaming dogs in Goa, India. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 26(4), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.2014839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• DeMello, M. (2012). Human-animal studies: A bibliography. Lantern Books.
   Google Scholar
• Dethier, M. N., Graham, E. S., Cohen, S., & Tear, L. M. (1993). Visual versus random-point percent cover estimations: 'Objective' is not always better. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 96(1), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps096093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, T. S., Dickman, C. R., Glen, A. S., Newsome, T. M., Nimmo, D. G., Ritchie, E. G., & Wirsing, A. J. (2017). The global impacts of domestic dogs on threatened vertebrates. Biological Conservation, 210, 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downe-Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drisko, J. W., & Maschi, T. (2016). Content analysis. Pocket guide to social work Re. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ekici-Cilkin, R., & Cizel, B. (2022). Tourist gazes through photographs. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 28(2), 188–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667211038955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faunalytics. (2014). Research by CANDi and Faunalytics on the impact of stray cats and dogs on tourism. Retrieved September 28, 2023from https://faunalytics.org/the-impact-of-stray-cats-and-dogs-on-tourism/#.
   Google Scholar
• Fennell, D. A. (2011). Tourism and animal ethics. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fennell, D. A. (2012). Tourism and animal rights. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2012.11081700
   Google Scholar
• Fennell, D. A. (2013). Tourism and animal welfare. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(3), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2013.11081757
   Google Scholar
• Fielding, W. J., & Mather, J. (2000). Stray dogs in an island community: A case study from New Providence, The Bahamas. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 3(4), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0304_3
   Google Scholar
• Font, X., Bonilla-Priego, M. J., & Kantenbacher, J. (2019). Trade associations as corporate social responsibility actors: An institutional theory analysis of animal welfare in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(1), 118–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1538231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Four Paws. (2020). Stray animals are starving due to collapse of tourism in Bali. Retrieved August 3, 2022from https://www.four-paws.org/our-stories/press-releases/stray-animals-are-starving-due-to-collapse-of-tourism-in-bali.
   Google Scholar
• Francione, G. L., & Garner, R. (2010). The animal rights debate: Abolition or regulation? Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, A. (1999). From modernity to postmodernity. In A. Franklin (Ed.), Animals and modern cultures: A sociology of human–animal relations in modernity (pp. 34–61). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Frost, W. (2010). Zoos as tourist attractions: Theme parks, protected areas or museums? In W. Frost (Ed.), Zoos and tourism: Conservation, education, entertainment? (pp. 121–130). Bristol: Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845411657-014
   Google Scholar
• Genç, T. (2022). Number of stray animals in Turkey has approached 10 million. Retrieved October 22, 2023, from https://en.b2press.com/press-release/3052/number-of-stray-animals-in-turkey-has-approached-10-million.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, G. S., Singh, B. B., Dhand, N. K., Aulakh, R. S., Ward, M. P., & Brookes, V. J. (2022). Stray dogs and public health: Population estimation in Punjab, India. Veterinary Sciences, 9(2), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020075
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gueseva, V. (2013). Dog ownership through the eyes of a stray dog: Property rights and the stray dog population [Undergraduate Honors Theses]. Paper, 370.
   Google Scholar
• Haydon, D. T., Laurenson, M. K., & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2002). Integrating epidemiology into population viability analysis: managing the risk posed by rabies and canine distemper to the Ethiopian wolf. Conservation Biology, 16(5), 1372–1385. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00559.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewson, C. J. (2003). What is animal welfare? Common definitions and their practical consequences. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 44(6), 496–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Home, C., Pal, R., Sharma, R. K., Suryawanshi, K. R., Bhatnagar, Y. V., & Vanak, A. T. (2017). Commensal in conflict: Livestock depredation patterns by free-ranging domestic dogs in the Upper Spiti Landscape, Himachal Pradesh, India. Ambio, 46(6), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0858-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, K. L., Slater, M. R., & Haller, L. (2002). The effects of implementing a feral cat spay/neuter program in a Florida county animal control service. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 5(4), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327604JAWS0504_03
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurn, S. (2015). Humans and other animals: Cross-cultural perspectives on human-animal interactions. Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• İzmirktb. (2022). 2022 yılı istatistikleri [Statistics for 2022]. Retrieved December 12, 2023, from https://izmir.ktb.gov.tr/TR-309402/2022-yili-istatistikleri.html.
   Google Scholar
• İzmirbel. (2022). Bu iş birliği Türkiye'ye örnek olacak [This cooperation will be an example for Turkey]. Retrieved December, 20, 2023, from https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/bu-is-birligiturkiye-ye-ornek-olacak-/46177/156.
   Google Scholar
• Jiménez, S., Pérez, A., Gil, H., Schantz, P. M., Ramalle, E., & Juste, R. A. (2002). Progress in control of cystic echinococcosis in La Rioja, Spain: Decline in infection prevalences in human and animal hosts and economic costs and benefits. Acta Tropica, 83(3), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00091-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakavuk, M., Selim, N., Yeşilsiraz, B., Atlı, E., Özdemir, H. G., Alan, N., Yalçın, M., & Can, H. (2021). Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in stray cats of İzmir. Animal Health Production and Hygiene, 10(1), 6–11. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/aduveterinary/issue/62765/889378.
   Google Scholar
• Koç, A., & Ayvazoğlu Demir, P. A. (2019). Geçici hayvan barınaklarının genel durumları ve sorunlarına ilişkin bir değerlendirme: Ege bölgesi örneği [An evaluation of the general situations and problems of temporary animal rescue shelters: The case of Aegean region]. Veterinary Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 4(1), 29–33. https://doi.org/10.24880/maeuvfd.551445
   Google Scholar
• Korkmaz, G. U. (2015). Derin ekoloji bağlamında kentte sokak hayvanlarıyla birlikte yaşamak olgusunun incelenmesi [Examining the phenomenon of living with stray animals in the city in the context of deep ecology] Retrieved August 12, 2022, from: https://www.skb.gov.tr/derin-ekoloji-baglaminda-kentte-sokak-hayvanlariyla-birlikte-yasamak-olgusunun-incelenmesi-s9155k/.
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorff, K. (1989). Content analysis. In E. Barnouw, G. Gerbner, W. Schramm, T. L. Worth, & L. Gross (Eds.), International encyclopedia of communication (Vol. 1, pp. 403–407). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kruk, E. (2021). Polish and Estonian regulations on homeless (stray) animals. Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, 30(1), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.1.145-166
   Google Scholar
• Kuenzi, C., & McNeely, J. (2008). Nature-based tourism. In O. Renn & K. D. Walker (Eds.), Global risk governance: Concept and practice using the IRGC framework (pp. 155–178). Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lindkvist, K. (1981). Approaches to textual analysis. Advances in Content Analysis, 9(1), 23–42.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, L. K. (2008). Attitudes toward and perceptions of free-roaming cats among individuals living in Ohio. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 232(8), 1159–1167. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.232.8.1159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MagliaBatista, B. (2019). The effect of stray dogs on urban Arusha residents and existing preventative measures. Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 3141. llection. 3141. Retrieved October 9, 2023, from https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3141.
   Google Scholar
• Markwell, K. (2015). Birds, beasts and tourists: Human-animal relationships in tourism. In K. Markwell (Ed.), Animals and tourism: Understanding diverse relationships (pp. 1–23). Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Matter, H. C., & Daniels, T. J. (2000). Dog ecology and population biology. In C. N. L. Macpherson, F. X. Meslin, & A. I. Wandeler (Eds.), Dogs, zoonoses and public health (pp. 17–62). CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Melikoğlu, B. (2009). Türkiye’de kurulan ilk hayvanları koruma derneğinin tarihsel gelişimi [The historical development of the first society for animal protection in Turkey]. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 80(1), 37–44.
   Google Scholar
• Morters, M. K., McKinley, T. J., Restif, O., Conlan, A. J., Cleaveland, S., Hampson, K., & Wood, J. L. (2014). The demography of free-roaming dog populations and applications to disease and population control. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51(4), 1096–1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Plumridge, S., & Fielding, W. J. (2003). Reactions of American tourists to roaming dogs in New Providence, The Bahamas. Anthrozoös, 16(4), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279303786991955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polkinghorne, D. E. (1989). Phenomenological research methods. In R. S. Valle & S. Halling (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological perspectives in psychology: Exploring the breadth of human experience (pp. 41–60). Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Regan, T. (2005). Empty cages: Facing the challenge of animal rights. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Izaguirre, E., & Eilers, C. H. A. M. (2012). Perceptions of village dogs by villagers and tourists in the coastal region of rural Oaxaca, Mexico. Anthrozoös, 25(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303712X13240472427555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryder, R. D. (2011). Speciesism, painism and happiness: A morality for the twenty-first century. Academic Imprint.
   Google Scholar
• Sabloff, A. (2001). Reordering the natural world: Humans and animals in the city. University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saipantribune. (2014). Stray dog problem can negatively affect tourism. Retrieved September 12, 2023from https://www.saipantribune.com/index.php/c29c3f42-1dfb-11e4-aedf-250bc8c9958e/.
   Google Scholar
• Schüttler, E., & Jiménez, J. E. (2022). Are tourists facilitators of the movement of free-ranging dogs? Animals, 12(24), 3564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12243564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard, V. A., & Fennell, D. A. (2019). Progress in tourism public sector policy: Toward an ethic for non-human animals. Tourism Management, 73, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.11.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shingne, M. C., & Reese, L. A. (2022). Animals in the city: Wither the human-animal divide. Journal of Urban Affairs, 44(2), 114–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1779006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, P. (2009). Speciesism and moral status. Metaphilosophy, 40(3–4), 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2009.01608.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, P. (2023). Animal liberation now: The definitive classic renewed. HarperCollins Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, M. R. (2002). Community approaches to feral cats: problems, alternatives & recommendations. The Humane Society Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, M. R. (2007). The welfare of feral cats. In I. Rochlitz (Ed.), The welfare of cats (Vol. 3, pp. 141–175). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Slater, M. R., Di Nardo, A., Pediconi, O., Dalla Villa, P., Candeloro, L., Alessandrini, B., & Del Papa, S. (2008). Free-roaming dogs and cats in central Italy: Public perceptions of the problem. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 84(1–2), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, L. M., Quinnell, R., Munteanu, A., Hartmann, S., Dalla Villa, P., & Collins, L. (2022). Attitudes towards free-roaming dogs and dog ownership practices in Bulgaria, Italy, and Ukraine. PLoS One, 17(3), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickland, P. C. (2015). It’s a dog’s life: International tourists’ perceptions of the stray dog population of Bhutan. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 4(12), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18533/journal.v4i12.856
   Google Scholar
• Tomassini, L., & Bertella, G. (2024). The human gaze at animals and the missing animal gaze in tourism studies. Current Issues in Tourism, 350–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2215920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TourismToday. (2014). Sokak köpekleri turizmi olumsuz etkiliyor [Stray dogs negatively affect tourism] Retrieved April 15, 2022, from https://www.tourismtoday.net/sokak-kopekleri-turizmi-olumsuz-etkiliyor-33846 h.html.
   Google Scholar
• Trotman, M., & Brown, H. J. (2007). Regional realities: Impact of stray dogs and cats on the community Impact on economy, including tourism Impact on livestock, wildlife and the environment. Retrieved June 19, 2022from https://www.hsi.org/wp-content/uploads/welfareresources/regional_realities.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tully, P., & Carr, N. (2024). Stray domestic animals and tourism. In A. M. Morrison & D. Buhalis (Eds.), Routledge handbook of trends and issues in tourism sustainability, planning and development, management, and technology (pp. 186–195). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ulaş, F. (Interviewing officer), & Arslan, M. (Interviewee). (2023). Başıboş sokak hayvanı popülasyonu giderek artıyor [Stray animal population is increasing] (Interview transcription). Retrieved October 23, 2023, from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/basibos-sokak-hayvani-populasyonu-giderek-artiyor/2934567.
   Google Scholar
• Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary societies. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Usui, R. (2022). Feral animals as a tourism attraction: Characterizing tourists’ experiences with rabbits on Ōkunoshima Island in Hiroshima, Japan. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(16), 2615–2630. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1978950
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis (2nd ed.). Sage publications.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, D. (2013). The economic impacts of stray cats and dogs at tourist destinations on the tourism industry. Retrieved August 4, 2022, from https://turismo-responsable.com/userfiles/The%20Economic%20Impact%20of%20Stray%20Cats%20and%20Dogs%20at%20Tourist%20Destinations%20on%20the%20Tourism%20Industry%20May%202013-2(1).pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wierzbowska, I. A., Hędrzak, M., Popczyk, B., Okarma, H., & Crooks, K. R. (2016). Predation of wildlife by free-ranging domestic dogs in Polish hunting grounds and potential competition with the grey wolf. Biological Conservation, 201, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.06.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, P. J., & Hamilton, F. (2022). Managing free-roaming cats in U.S. cities: An object lesson in public policy and citizen action. Journal of Urban Affairs, 44(2), 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1742577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (2023). Animal welfare. Retrieved September 3, 2023, from https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-welfare/.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Lee, T. J., & Xiong, Y. (2022). The contribution of animal-based cultural ecosystem services to tourist well-being at cultural heritage sites. Journal of Travel Research, 61(7), 1631–1647. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211037743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar