Clinical values of gene alterations as marker of minimal residual disease in non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia

References

• Schuurhuis GJ, et al. Minimal/measurable residual disease in AML: a consensus document from the European LeukemiaNet MRD working party. Blood. 2018;131(12):1275–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Arteaga A, Guzman ML. Minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1100:111–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moors I, et al. Clinical implications of measurable residual disease in AML: review of current evidence. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019;133:142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ossenkoppele G, et al. Can we incorporate MRD assessment into clinical practice in AML? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2019;32(2):186–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feller N, et al. Defining consensus leukemia-associated immunophenotypes for detection of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia in a multicenter setting. Blood Cancer J. 2013;3(8):e129–e129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossi G, et al. Leukemia-associated immunophenotypes subdivided in “categories of specificity” improve the sensitivity of minimal residual disease in predicting relapse in acute myeloid leukemia. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2020;98(3):216–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz NM, et al. Minimal residual disease in acute myelogenous leukemia. Int J Lab Hematol. 2017;39(Suppl 1):53–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ravandi F, Walter RB, Freeman SD. Evaluating measurable residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Adv. 2018;2(11):1356–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luskin MR, Stone RM. Can minimal residual disease determination in acute myeloid leukemia Be used in clinical practice? J Oncol Pract. 2017;13(8):471–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cilloni D, et al. Digital PCR in myeloid malignancies: ready to replace quantitative PCR? Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(9):2249. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse M, et al. Droplet digital PCR for the simultaneous analysis of minimal residual disease and hematopoietic chimerism after allogeneic cell transplantation. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019;57(5):641–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine RL, Valk PJM. Next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis and minimal residual disease assessment of acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2019;104(5):868–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behjati S, Tarpey PS. What is next generation sequencing? Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2013;98(6):236–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voso MT, et al. MRD in AML: the role of new techniques. Front Oncol. 2019;9:655. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flach J, et al. Clinical potential of introducing next-generation sequencing in patients at relapse of acute myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol. 2020;38(4):425–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang F, Anekpuritanang T, Press RD. Clinical utility of next-generation sequencing in acute myeloid leukemia. Mol Diagn Ther. 2020;24(1):1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valk PJM. Molecular measurable residual disease detection in AML. HemaSphere. 2020;4:S2: 115-117. Educational Updates in Hematology Book, doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/HS9.0000000000000444.
   Google Scholar
• Pourrajab F, et al. Genetic characterization and risk stratification of acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:2231–2253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiaretti S, et al. Genomic characterization of acute leukemias. Med Princ Pract. 2014;23(6):487–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelhamid E, et al. Minimal residual disease monitoring based on FLT3 internal tandem duplication in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res. 2012;36(3):316–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perl AE, et al. Gilteritinib or chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory FLT3-mutated AML. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(18):1728–1740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou WC, et al. Sensitive measurement of quantity dynamics of FLT3 internal tandem duplication at early time points provides prognostic information. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(3):696–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levis, M., FLT3 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: what is the best approach in 2013? Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program, 2013. 2013: p. 220–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaballa S, et al. Relapse risk and survival in patients with FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia undergoing stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(4):331–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candoni A, et al. Predictive value of pretransplantation molecular minimal residual disease assessment by WT1 gene expression in FLT3-positive acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol. 2017;49:25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunwald MR, et al. Improved FLT3 internal tandem duplication PCR assay predicts outcome after allogeneic transplant for acute myeloid leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20(12):1989–1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmisano M, et al. NPM1 mutations are more stable than FLT3 mutations during the course of disease in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2007;92(9):1268–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levis M, et al. FLT3 inhibitors added to induction therapy induce deeper remissions. Blood. 2020;135(1):75–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambinder AJ, Levis M. Potential targeting of FLT3 acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2021;106(3):671–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levis MJ, et al. A next-generation sequencing-based assay for minimal residual disease assessment in AML patients with FLT3-ITD mutations. Blood Adv. 2018;2(8):825–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebru MT, et al. Glucocorticoids enhance the antileukemic activity of FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3-mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2020;136(9):1067–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alnagar AA, et al. Outcome of core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia by receptor tyrosine kinase mutation. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2020;20(7):459–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchert A, et al. Sorafenib maintenance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3-internal tandem duplication mutation (SORMAIN). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(26):2993–3002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlenk RF, et al. Differential impact of allelic ratio and insertion site in FLT3-ITD-positive AML with respect to allogeneic transplantation. Blood. 2014;124(23):3441–3449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helbig G, et al. Pre-transplant FLT3/ITD status predicts outcome in FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(8):1845–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balagopal V, et al. Measurable residual disease monitoring for patients with acute myeloid leukemia following hematopoietic cell transplantation using error corrected hybrid capture next generation sequencing. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0224097. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rücker FG, et al. Measurable residual disease monitoring in acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21)(q22;q22.1): results from the AML study group. Blood. 2019;134(19):1608–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa Y, et al. Prospective evaluation of prognostic impact of KIT mutations on acute myeloid leukemia with RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and CBFB-MYH11. Blood Adv. 2020;4(1):66–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marková J, et al. Monitoring of minimal residual disease in patients with core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia and the impact of C-KIT, FLT3, and JAK2 mutations on clinical outcome. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009;50(9):1448–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, et al. RAS mutations in acute myeloid leukaemia patients: a review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;489:254–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey G, et al. N-ras mutation in acute myeloid leukemia: incidence, prognostic significance and value as a marker of minimal residual disease. Pathology. 1993;25(1):57–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida H, et al. Panel-based next-generation sequencing facilitates the characterization of childhood acute myeloid leukemia in clinical settings. Biomed Rep. 2020;13(5):1–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thol F, et al. Measurable residual disease monitoring by NGS before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in AML. Blood. 2018;132(16):1703–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puckrin R, et al. Measurable residual disease monitoring provides insufficient lead-time to prevent morphologic relapse in the majority of patients with core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2020;106(1):56–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duployez N, et al. Prognosis and monitoring of core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia: current and emerging factors. Expert Rev Hematol. 2015;8(1):43–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perea G, et al. Prognostic value of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with favorable cytogenetics [t(8;21) and inv(16)]. Leukemia. 2006;20(1):87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, et al. High prognostic value of minimal residual disease detected by flow-cytometry-enhanced fluorescence in situ hybridization in core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML). Ann Hematol. 2014;93(10):1685–1694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang J, et al. Comparison of multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotypic analysis and quantitative RT-PCR for the detection of minimal residual disease of core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol. 2016;145(6):769–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin JA, et al. Minimal residual disease monitoring by quantitative RT-PCR in core binding factor AML allows risk stratification and predicts relapse: results of the United Kingdom MRC AML-15 trial. Blood. 2012;120(14):2826–2835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigazzi M, et al. Minimal residual disease monitored after induction therapy by RQ-PCR can contribute to tailor treatment of patients with t(8;21) RUNX1-RUNX1T1 rearrangement. Haematologica. 2015;100(3):e99–e101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willekens C, et al. Prospective long-term minimal residual disease monitoring using RQ-PCR in RUNX1-RUNX1T1-positive acute myeloid leukemia: results of the French CBF-2006 trial. Haematologica. 2016;101(3):328–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu HH, et al. MRD-directed risk stratification treatment may improve outcomes of t(8;21) AML in the first complete remission: results from the AML05 multicenter trial. Blood. 2013;121(20):4056–4062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin YZ, et al. The dynamics of RUNX1-RUNX1T1 transcript levels after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation predict relapse in patients with t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10(1):44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-017-0414-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang FF, et al. Monitoring of post-transplant CBFB-MYH11 as minimal residual disease, rather than KIT mutations, can predict relapse after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation in adults with inv(16) acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2018;180(3):448–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prebet T, et al. Anthracycline dose intensification improves molecular response and outcome of patients treated for core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2014;99(10):e185–e187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragon BK, et al. Minimal residual disease eradication with epigenetic therapy in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(9):845–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo XD, et al. Interferon-α Is effective for treatment of minimal residual disease in patients with t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: results of a Prospective registry study. Oncologist. 2018;23(11):1349–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbacioglu A, et al. Prognostic impact of minimal residual disease in CBFB-MYH11-positive acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(23):3724–3729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin YZ, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplant may improve the outcome of adult patients with inv(16) acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission with poor molecular responses to chemotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56(11):3116–3123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guièze R, et al. Prognostic value of minimal residual disease by real-time quantitative PCR in acute myeloid leukemia with CBFB-MYH11 rearrangement: the French experience. Leukemia. 2010;24(7):1386–1388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane S, et al. A >  or=1 log rise in RQ-PCR transcript levels defines molecular relapse in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia and predicts subsequent morphologic relapse. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49(3):517–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiaosu Z, et al. Classifying AML patients with inv(16) into high-risk and low-risk relapsed patients based on peritransplantation minimal residual disease determined by CBFβ/MYH11 gene expression. Ann Hematol. 2019;98(1):73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalniz FF, et al. Significance of minimal residual disease monitoring by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia for transplantation outcomes. Cancer. 2020;126(10):2183–2192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao MG, et al. The predictive value of minimal residual disease when facing the inconsistent results detected by real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry in NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(1):73–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, et al. Pattern associated leukemia immunophenotypes and measurable disease detection in acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome with mutated NPM1. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2019;96(1):67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krönke J, et al. Monitoring of minimal residual disease in NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia: a study from the German-Austrian acute myeloid leukemia study group. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(19):2709–2716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiblig M, et al. Prognostic value of genetic alterations in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a single institution experience. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11(4):570. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11040570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsat M, et al. Postinduction minimal residual disease predicts outcome and benefit from allogeneic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia with NPM1 mutation: a study by the Acute Leukemia French Association group. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(2):185–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubmann M, et al. Molecular response assessment by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction after induction therapy in NPM1-mutated patients identifies those at high risk of relapse. Haematologica. 2014;99(8):1317–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patkar N, et al. Clinical impact of measurable residual disease monitoring by ultradeep next generation sequencing in NPM1 mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget. 2018;9(93):36613–36624.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jo SY, et al. Correlation of NPM1 type A mutation burden with clinical status and outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia patients With mutated NPM1 type A. Ann Lab Med. 2016;36(5):399–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lussana F, et al. Molecular detection of minimal residual disease before allogeneic stem cell transplantation predicts a high incidence of early relapse in adult patients with NPM1 positive acute myeloid leukemia. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11(10):1455. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11101455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnittger S, et al. Minimal residual disease levels assessed by NPM1 mutation-specific RQ-PCR provide important prognostic information in AML. Blood. 2009;114(11):2220–2231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shayegi N, et al. The level of residual disease based on mutant NPM1 is an independent prognostic factor for relapse and survival in AML. Blood. 2013;122(1):83–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bill M, et al. Digital droplet PCR-based absolute quantification of pre-transplant NPM1 mutation burden predicts relapse in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Ann Hematol. 2018;97(10):1757–1765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmberg D, et al E. Minimal residual disease assessed with deep sequencing of NPM1 mutations predicts relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplant in AML. Leuk Lymphoma. 2019;60(2):409–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayser S, et al. Pretransplant NPM1 MRD levels predict outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J. 2016;6(7):e449–e449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linch DC, et al. Analysis of the clinical impact of NPM1 mutant allele burden in a large cohort of younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2020;188(6):852–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prata PH, et al. NPM1 mutation is not associated with prolonged complete remission in acute myeloid leukemia patients treated with hypomethylating agents. Haematologica. 2018;103(10):e455–e457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert J, et al. MRD assessed by WT1 and NPM1 transcript levels identifies distinct outcomes in AML patients and is influenced by gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Oncotarget. 2014;5(15):6280–6288.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marjanovic I, et al. Use of Wilms Tumor 1 gene expression as a reliable marker for prognosis and minimal residual disease monitoring in acute myeloid leukemia With normal karyotype patients. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2017;17(5):312–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidaka D, et al. Wilms tumor 1 expression at diagnosis correlates with genetic abnormalities and polymorphism but is not independently prognostic in acute myelogenous leukemia: a hokkaido leukemia net study. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2018;18(11):e469–e479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šálek C, et al. WT1 expression in peripheral blood at diagnosis and during the course of early consolidation treatment correlates with survival in patients with intermediate and poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2020;20(12):e998–e1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho BS, et al. WT1 measurable residual disease assay in patients with acute myeloid leukemia who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: optimal time points, thresholds, and candidates. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019;25(10):1925–1932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia pediatric patients with WT1 mutations: an analysis based on TCGA database. Hematology. 2020;25(1):79–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marani C, et al. Integrating post induction WT1 quantification and flow-cytometry results improves minimal residual disease stratification in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res. 2013;37(12):1606–1611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautenberg C, et al. Wilm's tumor 1-guided preemptive treatment with hypomethylating agents for molecular relapse of AML and MDS after allogeneic transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2021;56(2):442–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ido K, et al. The proportional relationship between pretransplant WT1 mRNA levels and risk of mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia not in remission. Transplantation. 2019;103(10):2201–2210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson C, et al. Reduction in WT1 gene expression during early treatment predicts the outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2012;21(4):225–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mossallam GI, Abdel Hamid TM, Mahmoud HK. Prognostic significance of WT1 expression at diagnosis and end of induction in Egyptian adult acute myeloid leukemia patients. Hematology. 2013;18(2):69–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho BS, et al. Haploidentical vs matched unrelated donor transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in remission: a prospective comparative study. Am J Hematol. 2021;96(1):98–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S, et al. Comparison of myeloablative (CyTBI, BuCy) versus reduced-Intensity (FluBu2TBI400) peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia patients with pretransplant low WT1 expression. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020;26(11):2018–2026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, et al. Clinical implications of recurrent gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2020;9:4. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40164-020-00161-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiNardo C, Lachowiez C. Acute myeloid leukemia: from mutation profiling to treatment decisions. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2019;14(5):386–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu G, et al. Gene mutation profile and risk stratification in AML1–ETO–positive acute myeloid leukemia based on next–generation sequencing. Oncol Rep. 2019;42(6):2333–2344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan B, et al. Low-frequency TP53 hotspot mutation contributes to chemoresistance through clonal expansion in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2020;34(7):1816–1827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan O, et al. Impact of TP53 gene mutation clearance and conditioning Intensity on outcome in MDS or AML patients prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_1):149–149.
   Google Scholar
• Wu X, et al. Prognostic significance of the EVI1 gene expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a meta-analysis. Ann Hematol. 2019;98(11):2485–2496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marjanovic I, et al. Expression pattern and prognostic significance of EVI1 gene in adult acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal karyotype. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2020;36(2):292–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paubelle E, et al. Efficacy of all-trans-retinoic acid in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia with overexpression of EVI1. Oncol Ther. 2019;7(2):121–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding L, et al. Clonal evolution in relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia revealed by whole-genome sequencing. Nature. 2012;481(7382):506–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröschel S, et al. High EVI1 expression predicts outcome in younger adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia and is associated with distinct cytogenetic abnormalities. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(12):2101–2107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisser M, et al. Feasibility of using the combined MDS-EVI1/EVI1 gene expression as an alternative molecular marker in acute myeloid leukemia: a report of four cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2007;177(1):64–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wieser R. The oncogene and developmental regulator EVI1: expression, biochemical properties, and biological functions. Gene. 2007;396(2):346–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aytekin M, et al. Regulation of the expression of the oncogene EVI1 through the use of alternative mRNA 5'-ends. Gene. 2005;356:160–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smol T, et al. Quantification of EVI1 transcript levels in acute myeloid leukemia by RT-qPCR analysis: a study by the ALFA group. Leuk Res. 2015;39(12):1443–1447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrova L, et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: suitable targets for minimal residual disease monitoring? Clin Biochem. 2018;61:34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi S, et al. Digital droplet PCR is a specific and sensitive tool for detecting IDH2 mutations in acute myeloid LeuKemia patients. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(7):1738. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12071738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeziskova I, et al. Quantitative detection of IDH2 mutation for minimal residual disease monitoring in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and its comparison with mutations in NPM1 gene. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(4):867–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debarri H, et al. IDH1/2 but not DNMT3A mutations are suitable targets for minimal residual disease monitoring in acute myeloid leukemia patients: a study by the acute Leukemia French association. Oncotarget. 2015;6(39):42345–42353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petiti J, et al. Highly sensitive detection of IDH2 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Med. 2020;9(1):271. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelhamid E, et al. Minimal residual disease assessment of IDH1/2 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia by LNA-RQ-PCR. Tunis Med. 2016;94(3):190–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein EM, et al. Molecular remission and response patterns in patients with mutant-IDH2 acute myeloid leukemia treated with enasidenib. Blood. 2019;133(7):676–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roboz GJ, et al. Ivosidenib induces deep durable remissions in patients with newly diagnosed IDH1-mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2020;135(7):463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ok CY, et al. Persistent IDH1/2 mutations in remission can predict relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2019;104(2):305–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongen-Lavrencic M, et al. Molecular minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(13):1189–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese G, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis and blood-cancer risk inferred from blood DNA sequence. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(26):2477–2487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getta BM, et al. Multicolor flow cytometry and multigene next-generation sequencing Are complementary and Highly predictive for relapse in acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23(7):1064–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch P, et al. Genetic hierarchy and temporal variegation in the clonal history of acute myeloid leukaemia. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12475. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brambati C, et al. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for DNMT3A and IDH1/2 mutations to improve early detection of acute myeloid leukemia relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica. 2016;101(4):e157–e161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeziskova I, et al. Distribution of mutations in DNMT3A gene and the suitability of mutations in R882 codon for MRD monitoring in patients with AML. Int J Hematol. 2015;102(5):553–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita K, et al. Clearance of somatic mutations at remission and the risk of relapse in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(18):1788–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burillo-Sanz S, et al. MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia: influence of the genetic partner in allo-HSCT response and prognostic factor of MLL 3’ region mRNA expression. Eur J Haematol. 2018;100(5):436–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmeister T, et al. Evidence-based RT-PCR methods for the detection of the 8 most common MLL aberrations in acute leukemias. Leuk Res. 2015;39(2):242–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, et al. Monitoring mixed lineage leukemia expression may help identify patients with mixed lineage leukemia–rearranged acute leukemia who are at high risk of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20(7):929–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang S, et al. Prognostic significance of mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay in acute myeloid leukemia. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:3009–3017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abildgaard L, et al. A novel RT-qPCR assay for quantification of the MLL-MLLT3 fusion transcript in acute myeloid leukaemia. Eur J Haematol. 2013;91(5):394–398.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang S, et al. [Prognostic significance of detecting MLL-AF9 fusion gene expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2013;21(6):1435–1440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ommen HB, et al. Relapse kinetics in acute myeloid leukaemias with MLL translocations or partial tandem duplications within the MLL gene. Br J Haematol. 2014;165(5):618–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar