Confirmatory factor analysis of the flow state scale in sports

References

• Anastasi , A. 1982 . Psychological testing. , New York : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. 1990 . Comparative fit indexes in structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. 1995 . EQS Structural Equations Program Manual. , Los Angeles, CA : BMDP Statistical Software .
   Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. and Bonett , D. G. 1980 . Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures . Psychological Bulletin , 88 : 588 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. and Chou , C. P. 1987 . Practical issues in structural equation modeling . Sociological Methods and Research , 16 : 78 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen , D. A. 1989 . Structural equations with latent variables. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Bollen , D. A. and Long , J. S. 1993 . Testing structural equation models. , Newbury Park, CA : Long .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. 1989 . A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. 1994 . Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications and programming. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Cately , D. and Duda , J. L. 1997 . Psychological antecedents of the frequency and intensity of flow in golfers . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 28 : 309 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Converse , J. M. and Presser , S. 1986 . Survey questionnaires: Hand crafting the questionnaire. , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. J. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrika , 16 : 297 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1975 . Beyond boredom and anxiety. , San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1982 . “ Towards a psychology of optimal experience ” . In Annual review of personality and social psychology , Edited by: Wheeler , L. Vol. 3 , 13 – 36 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. and Csikszentmihalyi , I. 1988 . Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. and Rathunde , K. 1993 . “ The measurement of flow in everyday life: Toward a theory of emergent motivation ” . In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1992 ‐ Developmental perspectives on motivation , Edited by: Dienstbier , R. and Jacobs , J. E. Vol. 40 , 57 – 97 . University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Doganis , G. , Iosifidou , P. and Vlachopoulos , S. 2000 . Factor structure and internal consistency of the Greek version of the Flow State Scale . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 91 : 1231 – 1240 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duda , J. L. 1992 . “ Motivation in sport settings: A goal perspective approach ” . In Motivation in sport and exercise , Edited by: Roberts , G. C. 57 – 91 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Garfield , C. A. and Bennett , H. Z. 1984 . Peak performance: Mental training techniques of the world's greatest athletes. , Los Angeles : Tarcher .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , L. and Bentler , P. M. 1999 . Cut‐off criteria for the fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 : 1 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. A. 1992 . Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow states in elite figure skaters . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 4 : 161 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. A. 1995 . Factors influencing the occurrence of flow state in elite athletes . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 7 : 135 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. A. 1996 . Toward a conceptual understanding of the flow experience in elite athletes . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 67 : 76 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. A. 1999 . “ Joy, fun, and flow state in sport ” . In Emotions in sport , Edited by: Hanin , Y. L. 135 – 155 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. A. and Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1999 . Flow in sports: The keys to optimal experiences and performances. , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. A. , Kimiecik , J. C. , Ford , S. and Marsh , H. W. 1998 . Psychological correlates of flow in sport . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 20 : 358 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. A. and Marsh , H. W. 1996 . Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 18 : 17 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. A. and Roberts , G. C. 1992 . Positive performance states of athletes: Toward a conceptual understanding of peak performance . The Sport Psychologist , 6 : 156 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• James , L. R. , Mulaik , S. A. and Brett , J. M. 1982 . Causal analysis: Assumptions, models, and data , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. G. and Sörbom , D. 1992 . LISREL VIII: Analysis of linear structural relations. , Mooresville, IN : Scientific Software .
   Google Scholar
• Kakkos , V. 1994 . The effect of cognitive schemata on the subjective cognitive‐emotional states of athletes’ prior competition. , Greece : University of Athens . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Karageorgis , C. I. , Terry , P. C. and Lane , A. M. 1999 . Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise and sport: The Brunel Music Rating Inventory . Journal of Sports Sciences , 17 : 713 – 724 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelloway , E. K. 1998 . Using Lisrel for structural equation modeling: A researcher's guide. , Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Kimiecik , J. C. and Stein , G. L. 1992 . Examining flow experience in sport contexts: Conceptual issues and methodological concerns . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 4 : 144 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Kleiber , D. , Larson , R. G. and Csikszentmihalyi , M. 1986 . The experience of leisure in adolescents . Journal of Leisure Research , 18 : 169 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline , R. 1993 . The handbook of psychological testing. , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Mardia , K. V. 1970 . Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications . Biometrika , 57 : 519 – 530 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1994 . Confirmatory factor analysis models of factorial invariance: A multifaceted approach . Structural Equation Modeling , 1 : 5 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. , Balla , J. R. and McDonald , R. P. 1988 . Goodness‐of‐fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 319 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. and Jackson , S. A. 1999 . Flow experiences in sport: Construct validation of multidimensional, hierarchical state and trait responses . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 : 343 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens , R. 1977 . Sport competition anxiety test. , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Martens , R. , Burton , D. , Vealey , R.S. , Bump , L.A. and Smith , D.E. 1990 . “ Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory‐2 (CSAI‐2) ” . In Competitive anxiety in sport , Edited by: Martens , R. , Vealey , R.S. and Burton , D. 117 – 173 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , R. P. and Marsh , H. W. 1990 . Choosing a multivariate model: Noncentrality and goodness‐of‐fit . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 247 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavrou , N. A. 2001 . The study of flow theory and its effect on athlete's performance. , Greece : University of Athens . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Stavrou , N. A. , Zervas , Y. , Kakkos , V. and Psychountaki , M. Differences in intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety . Proceeding of the 2nd International Congress of Sport Psychology ‐ “Sport Psychology: Toward the 21th century” . Trikala, Greece. Edited by: Theodorakis , Y. , Goudas , M. and Bagiatis , K. pp. 105 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , T. K. , Kimiecik , J. C. , Daniels , J. and Jackson , S. A. 1995 . Psychological antecedents of flow in recreational sport . Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin , 21 : 125 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinger , J. H. 1990 . Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 25 : 173 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 1996 . Using multivariate statistics. , New York : Harper Collins Publishers Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. R. and Nelson , J. K. 1996 . Research methods in physical activity. , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Vealey , R. S. 1986 . Conceptualization of sport‐confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development . Journal of Sport Psychology , 8 : 221 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos , S. P. , Karageorgis , C. I. and Terry , P. C. 2000 . Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the Flow State Scale in exercise . Journal of Sport Sciences , 18 : 815 – 823 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zervas , Y. and Kakkos , V. 1990 . Validity and reliability of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) in Greek population . Athlitiki Psychologia , 4 : 3 – 24 .
   Google Scholar