Integrating pre-game rituals and pre-performance routines in a culture-specific context: Implications for sport psychology consultancy

References

• Adams, J. A. (1961). The second facet of forgetting: A review of warm-up decrement. Psychological Bulletin, 58(4), 257–273. doi: 10.1037/h0044798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adewunmi, M. C. (2006). The effect of psychological readiness on performance of tennis players preparing for international and national competitions (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Department of Human Kinetics, University of Lagos.
   Google Scholar
• Ansari, T. L., Derakshan, N., & Richards, A. (2008). Effects of anxiety on task-switching: Evidence from the mixed antisaccade task. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 229–238. doi: 10.3758/CABN.8.3.229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Byrne, D. (2009). Social psychology (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., & Showers, C. J. (1986). A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests. Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 361–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC Sport. (2002, January 16). Witchdoctors banned from nations cup. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/cup_of_nations/1764864.stm
   Google Scholar
• Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2001). On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 701–725. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilock, S. L., Carr, T. H., MacMahon, C., & Starks, J. L. (2002). When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill focused attention on novice and experienced performers of sensorimotor skills. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 6–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentulan, R. (2003). The use of superstitions and its perceived effectiveness of collegiate athletes: Sport type and gender considerations (Master of Science thesis). Faculty of California State University, Fullerton.
   Google Scholar
• Bleak, J. L., & Frederick, C. M. (1998). Superstitious behavior in sport: Levels of effectiveness and determinants of use in three collegiate sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Boateng, I. “Opeele”. (2009, July 10–13). Superstition in premier league. Graphic Sports, p. 2.
   Google Scholar
• Boutcher, S. H. (1990). The role of performance routines in sport. In J. G. Jones & L. Hardy (Eds.), Stress and performance in sport (pp. 231–245). New York, NY: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Boutcher, S. H. (1992). Attentional processes and sport performance. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp. 251–266). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Boutcher, S. H., & Crews, D. J. (1987). The effect of pre-shot attentional routine on a well learned skill. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 18, 30–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brevers, D., Dan, B., Noel, X., & Nils, F. (2011). Sport superstition: Mediation of psychological tension on non-professional sportsmen’s superstitious rituals. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(1), 3.
   Google Scholar
• Catsoulis, S. (2011). Black cats and hockey tape: Investigating routines and superstitions among professional hockey athletes: A qualitative study. (Master of Arts thesis). Graduate Program in Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Cohn, P. J. (1990). Pre-performance routines in sport: Theoretical support and practical applications. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 301–312. doi: 10.1123/tsp.4.3.301
   Google Scholar
• Comas-Diaz, L. (2011). Interventions with culturally diverse populations. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of clinical psychology (pp. 868–887). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 215–229. doi: 10.1038/nrn755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotterill, S. T. (2008). Developing effective pre-performance routines in golf. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 4(2), 10–15.
   Google Scholar
• Cotterill, S. T. (2011). Experiences of developing pre-performance routines with elite cricket players. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2(2), 81–91. doi:10.1080/21520704.2011.584245
   Google Scholar
• Cotterill, S. T., Sanders, R., & Collins, D. (2010). Developing effective pre-performance routines in golf: Why don’t we ask the golfer? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(1), 51–64. doi:10.1080/10413200903403216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czech, D. R., Ploszay, A., & Burke, K. L. (2004). An examination of the maintenance of pre-shot routines in basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27, 323–329.
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336–353. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, D. J., Weigand, D. A., & Baines, D. (2006). The effect of removing superstitious behavior and introducing a pre-performance routine on basketball free-throw performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(2), 167–171. doi: 10.1080/10413200500471343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 101–135. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghana Football Association. (2006). Football regulations, Article 17(b). Accra.
   Google Scholar
• Ghana News Agency. (2005, November 11). GFA refers allegation to Disciplinary Committee. Retrieved from http://www.modernghana.com/news2/89974/2/gfa-refers-allegation-to-disciplinarycommittee.html
   Google Scholar
• Gould, D., & Udry, E. (1994). Psychological skills for enhancing performance: Arousal regulation strategies. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 26, 478–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadfield, D. (2014). Rugby in New Zealand. In P. C. Terry, K. YoungHo, Z. Li-Wei, T. Morris, & S. Hanrahan (Eds.), Secrets of Asian sport psychology. Retrieved from http://peterterry.wix.com/books
   Google Scholar
• Hanrahan, S. J. (2010). Culturally competent practitioners. In S. J. Hanrahan & M. B. Andersen (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of applied sport psychology: A comprehensive guide for students and practitioners (pp. 460–468). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hanrahan, S. J. (2011). Sport psychology services are multicultural encounters: Differences as strengths in therapeutic relationships. In D. Gilbourne & M. B. Andersen (Eds.), Critical essays in applied sport psychology (pp. 145–156). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Harle, S. K., & Vickers, J. N. (2001). Training quiet eye improves accuracy in basketball free throw. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 289–305. doi: 10.1123/tsp.15.3.289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heap, M., & Aravind, K. A. K. (2002). Hartlands medical and dental hypnosis (4th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.
   Google Scholar
• Ichimura, S. (1998). Meditation of esoteric Bhuddism for athletes. Paper presented at the Seoul Olympic Scientific Conference, Korea, Seoul.
   Google Scholar
• Ikulayo, P. B. (1989, July). Psychological intervention for achievement in sports. Keynote lecture presented at the 7th World Congress of the International Society of Sport Psychology, Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Ikulayo, P. B. (1990). Understanding sports psychology. Lagos: EA/TCN Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ikulayo, P. B. (2000, February). Psyching verses: A practical approach to psyching sessions with women footballers. Workshop presented at the Pre-Olympic Games in Sydney and Africa women’s football championship, Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Ikulayo, P. B. (2003). The mind and the body: Sports psychology as the cornerstone to sport achievements and greatness. Lagos: University of Lagos Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ikulayo, P. B. (2007). Understanding sports psychology. Lagos: University of Lagos Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ikulayo, P. B., & Semidara, J. A. (2011). Culturally informed sport psychology practice: Nigeria in perspective. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5(4), 339–349. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.5.4.339
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A. (1995). Factors influencing the occurrence of flow states in elite athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 7, 138–166.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. C. (2003). Pre-performance routine consistency: Temporal analysis of goal kicking in the Rugby Union World Cup. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(10), 803–814. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000140301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. C., & Baker, J. S. (2001). Routines, rituals, and rugby: Case study of a world class goal kicker. The Sport Psychologist, 15(1), 48–65. doi: 10.1123/tsp.15.1.48
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karageorghis, C. I., & Deeth, I. P. (2002). Effects of asynchronous motivational and oudeterous music on perceptions of flow. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 66–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karageorghis, C. I., & Terry, P. C. (1997). The psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise: A review. Journal of Sport Behavior, 20, 54–68.
   Google Scholar
• Karageorghis, C. I., Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (1999). Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise and sport: The Brunel Music Rating Inventory. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 713–724. doi: 10.1080/026404199365579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingston, K. M., & Hardy, L. (2001). Pre-performance routine training using holistic process goals. In P. R. Thomas (Ed.), Optimizing performance in golf (pp. 264–278). Brisbane: Australian Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 32, 311–328. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leistner, E. (2014). Witchcraft and African development. African Security Review, 23(1), 53–77. doi: 10.1080/10246029.2013.875048
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, M. J. (1965). Evaluation of performance as a function of performer’s reward and attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 355–360. doi: 10.1037/h0021806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidor, R., Hackfort, D., & Schack, T. (2014). Performance routines in sport: Meaning and practice. In A. Papaioannou & D. Hackfort (Eds.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: Global perspectives and fundamental concepts (pp. 480–494). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lidor, R., & Mayan, Z. (2005). Can beginning learners benefit from pre-performance routines when serving in volleyball? The Sport Psychologist, 19, 343–363. doi: 10.1123/tsp.19.4.343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidor, R., & Singer, R. N. (2000). Teaching pre-performance routines to beginners. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, & Dance, 71, 34–36. doi: 10.1080/07303084.2000.10605175
   Google Scholar
• Lonsdale, C., & Tam, J. T. M. (2007). On the temporal and behavioral consistency of pre-performance routines: An intra-individual analysis of elite basketball player’s free throw shooting accuracy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 259–266. doi:10.1080/02640410701473962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack, M. G. (2001). Effects of time and movements of the pre-shot routine on free throw shooting. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93, 567–573. doi:10.2466/pms.2001.93.2.567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlow, C., Bull, S. J., Heath, B., & Shambrook, C. J. (1998). The use of a single case design to investigate the effect of a pre-performance routine on the water polo penalty shot. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 1(3), 143–155. doi:10.1016/S1440-2440289829800108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maynard, I. W. (1998). Improving concentration. Leeds: National Coaching Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• McCann, P., Lavallee, D., & Lavallee, R. (2001). The effect of pre-shot routines on golf wedge shot performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 1(5), 1–10. doi:10.1080/17461390100071503
   Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wagner, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, A. P. (1996). The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. Hove: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neil, G. (1980). The place of superstition in sport: The self-believing prophecy. Coaching Review, 3, 40–42.
   Google Scholar
• Ofori, P. K., Biddle, S., & Lavallee, D. (2012). The role of superstition among professional footballers in Ghana. Athletic Insight, 4(2), 115.
   Google Scholar
• Pannenborg, A. (2008). How to win a football match in Cameroon: An anthropological study of Africa’s most popular sport. Leiden: African Studies Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Pannenborg, A. (2012). Big men playing football: Money, politics and foul play in the African game. Leiden: African Studies Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Plante, T. G. (2007). Integrating spirituality and psychotherapy: Ethical issues and principles to consider. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 891–902. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1–28. doi: 10.1037/h0092976
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudski, J. (2001). Competition, superstition and the illusion of control. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 20(1), 68–84. doi: 10.1007/s12144-001-1004-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudski, J. (2004). The illusion of control, superstitious belief, and optimism. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 22(4), 306–315. doi: 10.1007/s12144-004-1036-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryba, T. V., Stambulova, N. B., Si, G., & Schinke, R. (2013). ISSP position stand: Culturally competent research and practice in sport and exercise psychology. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 123–142. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2013.779812
   Google Scholar
• Ryba, T. V., & Wright, H. K. (2005). From mental game to cultural praxis: A cultural studies model’s implications for the future of sport psychology. Quest, 57, 192–212. doi:10.1080/00336297.2005.10491853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryba, T. V., & Wright, H. K. (2010). Sport psychology and the cultural turn: Notes toward cultural praxis. In T. V. Ryba, R. J. Schinke, & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), The cultural turn in sport psychology (pp. 1–28). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Schack, T. (1997). Ängstliche Schüler im Sport – Interventionsverfahren zur Entwicklung der Handlungskontrolle. Schorndorf [Anxious students in sport: Intervention procedures for the development 665 of controls]. Schorndorf: Hofmann.
   Google Scholar
• Schack, T. (2002). Zur kognitiven Architektur von Bewegungshandlungen. Modelltheoretischer Zugang und experimentelle Untersuchungen. Unpublished Habilitation, Department of Psychology, German Sport University, Cologne.
   Google Scholar
• Schack, T. & Hackfort, D. (2007). An action theory approach to applied sport psychology. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 332–351). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Schack, T., & Mechsner, F. (2006). Representation of motor skills in human long term memory. Neuroscience Letters, 391, 77–81. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schack, T., & Schack, E. (2017). Anticipation in traditional healing ceremonies: The call from our past. In M. Nadin (Ed.), Anticipation in medicine (pp. 323–335). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schack, T., Whitmarsh, B., Pike, R., & Redden, C. (2005). Routines. In J. Taylor & G. Wilson (Eds.), Applying sport psychology: Four perspectives (pp. 137–150). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Schinke, R. J., & Hanrahan, S. (Eds.). (2009). Cultural sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Schinke, R. J., & Moore, Z. E. (2011). Culturally informed sport psychology: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 283–294. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/jcsp doi: 10.1123/jcsp.5.4.283
   Google Scholar
• Schippers, M. C., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2006). The psychological benefits of superstitious rituals in top sport: A study among top sportspersons. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 10, 2532–2553. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00116.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, R. (1988). Motor control and learning. A behavioral emphasis (2nd ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (1998). Motor control and learning. A behavioral emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Semidara, J. A. (2011). Augmenting physical skills practice with psychological skills training for performance enhancement in sports among international school students (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Lagos.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, D. (2002). Confidence and the pre-shot routine in golf: A case study. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 108–119). London: Thomson.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, R. N. (2002). Pre-performance state, routines, and automaticity: What does it take to realize expertise in self-paced events? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, 359–375. doi: 10.1123/jsep.24.4.359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, B. F. (1948). ‘Superstition’ in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168–172. doi: 10.1037/h0055873
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stambulova, N. B., & Ryba, T. V. (2014). A critical review of career research and assistance through the cultural lens: Towards cultural praxis of athletes’ careers. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7, 1–17. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2013.851727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. (1995). A conceptual model for integrating athletes’ needs and sport demands in the development of competitive mental preparation strategies. Sport Psychologist, 9, 339–357. doi: 10.1123/tsp.9.3.339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Guardian Blog. (2008, February 2). Juju, hype and heat reign as the Black Stars target the Super Eagles. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/ 2008/ feb/03/ jujuhypeandheatreignasth
   Google Scholar
• Todd, M., & Brown, C. (2003). Characteristics associated with superstitious behavior in track and field athletes: Are there NCAA divisional level differences? Journal of Sport Behavior, 26, 168–187.
   Google Scholar
• Van Raalte, J. L., Brewer, B. W., Nemeroff, C. J., & Linder, D. E. (1991). Chance orientation and superstitious behavior on the putting green. Journal of Sport Behavior, 14, 41–50.
   Google Scholar
• Velentzas, K., Heinen, T., Tenenbaum, G., & Schack, T. (2010). Functional mental representation of volleyball routines in German youth female national players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 474–485. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2010.504650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velentzas, K., Heinen, T., Tenenbaum, G., & Schack, T. (2011). Routine integration strategies and their effects on volleyball serve performance and players’ movement mental representation. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23, 209–222. doi:10.1080/10413200.2010.546826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergeer, I., & Hanrahan, C. (1998). What modern dancers do to prepare: Content and objectives of pre-performance routines. Avante, 4, 49–71.
   Google Scholar
• Vesely, M. (2004, December). Giving witchcraft the boot. African Business. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5327/is_304/ai_n29142216/
   Google Scholar
• Vyse, S. A. (1997). Believing in magic. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg, R., Natsis, P., Douma, I., & Kazakas, P. (2000). The effects of motivational versus instructional self-talk on improving motor performance. Sport Psychologist, 14(3), 253–271. doi: 10.1123/tsp.14.3.279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, R. S. (1988). The mental advantage. Champagne, IL: Leisure Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2003). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Winkelman, M. (2010). Shamanism: A biopsychosocial paradigm of consciousness and healing (2nd ed.). Oxford: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Womack, M. (1979). Why athletes need ritual: A study of magic among professional athletes. In W. J. Morgan (Ed.), Sport and the humanities: A collection of original essays (pp. 27–38). Knoxville, TN: The Bureau of Educational Research and Service, College of Education, The University of Tennessee.
   Google Scholar
• Womack, M. (1992). Why athletes need a ritual: A study of magic among professional athletes. In S. Hoffman (Ed.), Sport and religion (pp. 191–202). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Wrisberg, C. A., & Anshel, M. H. (1989). The effect of cognitive strategies on the free throw shooting performance of young athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 95–104. doi: 10.1123/tsp.3.2.95
   Google Scholar