A symptom network analysis of exercise addiction and personality on ultra-marathon runners with serious complications

References

• Bird, S. R., Linden, M., & Hawley, J. A. (2014). Acute changes to biomarkers as a consequence of prolonged strenuous running. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 51(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563213492147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brace, A. W., George, K., & Lovell, G. P. (2020). Mental toughness and self-efficacy of elite ultra-marathon runners. PLOS ONE, 15(11), e0241284. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bringmann, L. F., Elmer, T., Epskamp, S., Krause, R. W., Schoch, D., Wichers, M., Wigman, J. T. W., & Snippe, E. (2019). What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(8), 892. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, P. T., & Mccrae, R. R. (1986). Personality stability and its implications for clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Review, 6(5), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(86)90029-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, P. T., & Mccrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Costa, Paul & Mccrae, R.. (1992). Neo PI-R professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, 396.
   Google Scholar
• Dinardi, J. S., Egorov, A. Y., & Szabo, A. (2021). The expanded interactional model of exercise addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 10(3), 626–631. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dujardin, M. (2013). Étude rétrospective des coureurs d’un ultra-trail ayant recours aux services d’accueil des urgences. Exemple de La Diagonale des Fous, 2012, 85. Retrieved from https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00910932/document
   Google Scholar
• Egorov, A. Y., & Szabo, A. (2013). The exercise paradox: An interactional model for a clearer conceptualization of exercise addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(4), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.4.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Ghoch, M., Soave, F., Calugi, S., & Dalle Grave, R. (2013). Eating disorders, physical fitness and sport performance: A systematic review. Nutrients, 5(12), 5140–5160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5125140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, I. (2016). Sport à tout prix? Dépendance à l’exercice physique et soins de santé primaires en contexte français: traduction française et validation de l’Exercise Addiction Inventory. 69.
   Google Scholar
• Finn, A. (2019). The rise of the ultra runners: A journey to the edge of human endurance. Pegasus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Folkins, C., & Wieselberg-Bell, N. (1981). A personality profile of ultramarathon runners: A little deviance may go a long way. Journal of Sport Behavior, 4(3), 119.
   Google Scholar
• Freund, W., Weber, F., Billich, C., Birklein, F., Breimhorst, M., & Schuetz, U. H. (2013). Ultra-marathon runners are different: Investigations into pain tolerance and personality traits of participants of the TransEurope FootRace 2009. Pain Practice, 13(7), 524–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauld, C. (2022). From psychiatric kinds to harmful symptoms. Synthese, 200(6), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-022-03922-5
   Google Scholar
• Gergele, B. J., Féasson, L., Robach, P., Morel, J., Auboyer, C., Boisson, R.-C., Desebbe, O., & & Millet, G. (2010). Du sport extrême à la réanimation. Réanimation, 19(5), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reaurg.2010.06.007
   Google Scholar
• Gergelé, L., Venet, F., Ravelojaona, M., Morel, J., Féasson, L., Hayman, J., Villars-Méchin, A., Millet, G. Y., & Monneret, G. (2018). Mountain ultra-marathon finishers exhibit marked immune alterations similar to those of severe trauma patients. Intensive Care Medicine, 44(3), 382–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-5013-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goddard, K., Roberts, C.-M., Anderson, L., Woodford, L., & Byron-Daniel, J. (2019). Mental toughness and associated personality characteristics of marathon des sables athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2259. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Nogueira López, A., & & Haro, O. (2019). Perseverance and addiction processes: Clues to identify exercise addicts. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 1, https://doi.org/10.54127/FYPC9786
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, A. (1990). Addiction: Definition and implications. Addiction, 85(11), 1403–1408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01620.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, S. M., Martindale, R. J. J., McKinley, M., Connaboy, C., Andronikos, G., & Susmarski, A. (2021). The examination of mental toughness, sleep, mood and injury rates in an Arctic ultra-marathon. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(1), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1733670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, H., DeFreese, J. D., & Madigan, D. J. (2017). Athlete burnout: Review and recommendations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, N., Madaras, L., Dicke, J., & Buckworth, J. (2015). Motivational differences between half, full and ultramarathoners. Journal of Sport Behavior, 38(2), 180–191.
   Google Scholar
• Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2002). How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychology & Health, 17(4), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044022000004894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. D. (2020). State of the science on ultramarathon running after a half century: A systematic analysis and commentary. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(7), 1052–1056. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0151
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. D., & Fogard, K. (2011). Factors related to successful completion of a 161-km ultramarathon. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 6(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.1.25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, S., Case, H. S., Stuempfle, K., & Evans, D. (2003). Personality profiles of iditasport ultra-marathon participants. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200305385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluitenberg, B., van Middelkoop, M., Diercks, R., & van der Worp, H. (2015). What are the differences in injury proportions between different populations of runners? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 45(8), 1143–1161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0331-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knechtle, B., & Nikolaidis, P. T. (2018). Physiology and pathophysiology in ultra-marathon running. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00634
   Google Scholar
• Krouse, R., Ransdell, L., Lucas, S., & Pritchard, M. (2011). Motivation, goal orientation, coaching, and training habits of women ultrarunners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(10), 2835–2842. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318204caa0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantz, C. D., Rhea, D. J., & Mesnier, K. (2004). Eating attitudes, exercise identity, and body alienation in competitive ultramarathoners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14(4), 406–418. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.14.4.406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Goff, C., Viallon, M., Kaux, J.-F., Andonian, P., Moulin, K., Seidel, L., Giardini, G., Gergelé, L., Croisille, P., Cavalier, E., & Millet, G. P. (2022). Kinetics of cardiac remodeling and fibrosis biomarkers during an extreme mountain ultramarathon. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 9, 790551. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.790551
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichtenstein, M. B., Christiansen, E., Elklit, A., Bilenberg, N., & Støving, R. K. (2014). Exercise addiction: A study of eating disorder symptoms, quality of life, personality traits and attachment styles. Psychiatry Research, 215(2), 410–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millet, G. Y., Tomazin, K., Verges, S., Vincent, C., Bonnefoy, R., Boisson, R.-C., Gergelé, L., Féasson, L., & Martin, V. (2011). Neuromuscular consequences of an extreme mountain ultra-marathon. PLOS ONE, 6(2), e17059. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira, A., Tovar-Gálvez, M., & González-Hernández, J. (2019). Do it, don’t feel it, and be invincible: A prolog of exercise addiction in endurance sports. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02692
   Google Scholar
• Onate, J. (2019). Depression in ultra-endurance athletes, A review and recommendations. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 27(1), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0000000000000233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roebuck, G. S., Fitzgerald, P. B., Urquhart, D. M., Ng, S.-K., Cicuttini, F. M., & Fitzgibbon, B. M. (2018). The psychology of ultra-marathon runners: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37, 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwellnus, M., Soligard, T., Alonso, J.-M., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Dijkstra, H. P., Gabbett, T. J., Gleeson, M., Hägglund, M., Hutchinson, M. R., Janse Van Rensburg, C., Meeusen, R., Orchard, J. W., Pluim, B. M., Raftery, M., Budgett, R., & Engebretsen, L. (2016). How much is too much? (part 2) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soligard, T., Schwellnus, M., Alonso, J.-M., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Dijkstra, H. P., Gabbett, T., Gleeson, M., Hägglund, M., Hutchinson, M. R., Janse van Rensburg, C., Khan, K. M., Meeusen, R., Orchard, J. W., Pluim, B. M., Raftery, M., Budgett, R., & Engebretsen, L. (2016). How much is too much? (part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1030–1041. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storme, M., Tavani, J. L., & Myszkowski, N. (2016). Psychometric properties of the French ten-item personality inventory (TIPI). Journal of Individual Differences, 37(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surgenor, S., & Uphold, R. E. (1994). Acute hyponatremia in ultra-endurance athletes. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12(4), 441–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(94)90057-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szabo, A., & Egorov, A. (2015). Exercise addiction. In Andrew Lane (Ed.), Sport and exercise psychology edition: 2nd chapter: 8 (Vol. 8, pp. 178–208). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Szabo, A., Vega, R. D. L., Ruiz-Barquín, R., & Rivera, O. (2013). Exercise addiction in Spanish athletes: Investigation of the roles of gender, social context and level of involvement. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(4), 249–252. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.4.9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research & Theory, 12(5), 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350310001637363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J., & Pasman, L. (1991). The obligatory exercise questionnaire. Behavior Therapy, 4(1), https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Obligatory-Exercise-Questionnaire-Thompson-Pasman/0ce0fc94fd287aed136baedaf3d6f6939ddabc93
   Google Scholar
• Tok, S. (2011). The big five personality traits and risky sport participation. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(8), 1105–1111. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.8.1105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wortley, G., & Islas, A. A. (2011). The problem with ultra-endurance athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(14), 1085–1085. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar