References
- Bearden , Milton and Risen , James . 2003 . The Main Enemy: The CIA's Battle with the Soviet Union 6 Century : London .
- Royden , Barry G. 2003 . “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” . Studies in Intelligence , 4 3 14
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 37
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 2
- The Main Enemy , 9 Ibid., 1–30, and Bearden and Risen, 12, 16–17, 32–33, 37–38, 40–43, 48, 53–54, 85, 92, 94, 15, 196, 385, and 411
- Tolkachev's first cryptonym was CKSPHERE
- An editorial note in Royden's article states that it “draws extensively on Directorate of Operations files,” which were made available by the CIA. Bearden's book is a personal memoir, but it is clear from the text that the Agency gave him privileged and extensive access to official records, which in some cases are quoted verbatim
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 1
- Diamond , John . 2008 . The CIA and the Culture of Failure: U.S. Intelligence from the End of the Cold War to the Invasion of Iraq 206 Stanford : Stanford Security Studies .
- 1997 . A Spy for All Seasons: My Life in the CIA New York : Scribner . The CIA's tradecraft course teaches case officers to match up national intelligence requirements with potential agents and then spot, develop, and recruit potential sources of secret information. A former ranking CIA operations official claims that over a thirty-year a career he could not recall once instance in which the Agency recruited a single Soviet agent according to this paradigm. Duane R. Clarridge, 269. This means that the CIA was dependent upon volunteers, many of whom were under KGB control. Cuban and East German intelligence exploited this vulnerability with alacrity; virtually all of CIA's putative Cuban and East German sources were double agents
- The Main Enemy Royden cites seven attempts, and Bearden six. See Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 2 and Bearden and Risen, 34
- The fifth time he slipped a note to the major domo at Spaso House, the American ambassador's residence, while he was grocery shopping
- The Main Enemy Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 8. Bearden says that Tolkachev targeted the COS “by coincidence.” Bearden and Risen, 34
- Tolkachev claimed that he spent hours dogging cars with US diplomatic plates without making any approaches, but he never explained why he singled out and pursued only the top CIA officials. Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 4
- 2008 . SPYCRAFT: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs from Communism to Al-Qaeda New York : Dutton . Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 2 and Robert Wallace and H. Keith Melton with Henry Schlesinger, 125
- 2008 . SPYCRAFT: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs from Communism to Al-Qaeda New York : Dutton . Robert Wallace and H. Keith Melton with Henry Schlesinger 120
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 3
- Ibid
- SPYCRAFT. For a picture of the mitt, see the photographs following page 166 in Wallace and Melton
- The Main Enemy Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 5 and Bearden and Risen, 36
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 36
- Ibid., 303
- The CIA and the Culture of Failure The damage assessment also concluded that Ames had aided and abetted the KGB/SVR double-agent effort, not by telling the Soviets and Russians how to plant dangles—something they already knew how to do—but by coaching them to use “feed material” he knew the CIA was looking for. See Diamond, 240
- Weiner , Tim . 2007 . Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA 1995 New York : Doubleday . 450. See also Walter Pincus, “CIA Passed Bogus News to Presidents,” Washington Post, October 31, Al and “CIA Chief Castigates 7 Agency Officials,” Al; Tim Werner, “C.I.A. Admits Failing to Sift Tainted Data,” New York Times, November 1, 1995, Al; and “The C.I.A.'s False Intelligence,” New York Times, November 2, 1995, Al4
- 2005 . The Main Enemy New York : Basic Books . Bearden says that GTEASTBOUND was “a scientific source who worked at an institute far to the east of Moscow.” Bearden and Risen, 157. A former KGB officer familiar with the operation described him as a “radar scientist.” Victor Cherkashin with Gregory Feifer, Spy Handler: Memoir of a KGB Officer 205. Two former East German counterintelligence officers who were briefed on the operation confirmed that GTEASTBOUND was in fact a KGB dangle. Klaus Eichner and Andreas Dobbert, Headquarters Germany: Die USA-Geheimdienste in Deutschland (Berlin: edition ost: 1997), 125
- During a public conference sponsored by the CIA, a former KGB officer noted that the Soviets often used as feed material technical data and even technical manuals for weapons system designed for export to the Third World. The Soviets assumed that once something left their control it was only a matter of time before it was compromised
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 6
- Wallace and Melton . SPYCRAFT 371
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 7–8, 20
- The Main Enemy Ibid., 12 and Bearden and Risen, 40
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 12
- Borodin , S. 1990 . “The Security Officers' Story,” . In Sovetskaya Rossiya February 24, 6
- Ibid
- Earley , Pete . 1997 . Confessions of a Spy: The Real Story of Aldrich Ames 73 New York : G.P. Putnam's Sons . Earley heard the story from Aldrich Ames. Ames heard the rumor while managing the Ogorodnik case at CIA Headquarters
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 11
- Ibid., 12–13, 18
- Ibid., 29n3
- The US president's salary was $200,000 per year
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 12
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 38
- Cherkashin . Spy Handler 151
- Weiner . Legacy of Ashes 416
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 11
- Ibid., 19. The Soviet official exchange rate was more than one dollar to a ruble. The illegal black-market rate was four to five rubles to the dollar or more
- Ibid
- Ibid
- Ibid., 25–26
- Borodin . “The Security Officers' Story.”
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 15
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 33
- Kudrinsky Square was once named Insurrection Square, and some Muscovites still refer to it by its former name
- 2008 . Fodor's Moscow & St. Petersburg, , 8th ed. New York : Fodor's Travel Publications . “The Seven Gothic Sisters,” 54
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 6. NIIR is the acronym for Научно-исследователъский институт радио or Scientific Research Institute Radio
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 9
- In Russian: Фазотрон-Научно-исследователъский институт радар or Phazotron-Scientific Research Institute Radar
- Phazotron is still in the same business, conducting research for the Russian military as well as for international clients
- 2008 . Wikipedia, the online reference service which has been criticized for occasional inaccuracies, seems to be more accurate than the CIA in identifying Tolkachev's employer as Phazotron. See “Adolf Tolkachev,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Tolkachev [July 5,]
- All distances and travel times cited in this section were calculated by MapQuest
- Moscow guidebooks note that even in today's Russia public transportation is haphazard with frequent delays and late arrivals and departures. It was worse in Soviet times
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 13. Tolkachev complained that the spy cameras were difficult to use and sometimes malfunctioned
- Ibid., 13, 21–22
- Ibid., 13
- Ibid., 21
- Ibid., 22
- Ibid
- Ibid
- Ibid., 15
- Cowell , S. 2008 . The Terminal Spy: A True Story of Espionage, Betrayal, and Murder New York : Double Day . See Alan 36
- The use of military data would have required the KGB to negotiate with the ministry of defense and obtain its permission to use classified information
- The Main Enemy Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 13 and Bearden and Risen, 36–37
- Wallace and Melton . SPYCRAFT 125
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 23–24
- Wallace and Melton . SPYCRAFT 136 See 136–137 for a complete list
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 23
- Ibid., 42. The author does not say whether Tolkachev asked to be reimbursed for the lost rubles, but it would be interesting to know if he did
- The Main Enemy Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 23 and Bearden and Risen, 42
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 42
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 12
- Ibid., 24
- Ibid., 25
- Ibid., 25–26. The author does say how Tolkachev accounted for these items, including those given to someone outside his family
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 8
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 27
- Cherkashin . Spy Handler 149
- See note 32, above
- 1983 . The meeting in question almost certainly occurred in March See Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 20
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy, 32
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 29n4. Royden says that Tolkachev did so despite his assurances that he would not spend his CIA salary lavishly, adding that this conspicuous consumption did not play a part in his compromise
- Ibid., 10, 17
- Confessions of a Spy Earley, 70
- The Main Enemy Ibid., 119 and Bearden and Risen, 19
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 300
- 1994 . An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case and Its Implications for U.S. Intelligence. U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence, November 1, 103d Congress. 2d Session. (Washington: GPO), 13
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 306
- See note 73, above
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy 49
- See note 42, above
- SPYCRAFT Two frames from the film are reproduced in Wallace and Melton, in the collection of photographs following page 166
- Kucewicz , William . 1985 . “KGB Defector Confirms U.S. Intelligence Fiasco,” . In Wall Street Journal October 17, 1. The anonymous sources almost certainly were from the CIA, since no one outside the Agency knew Tolkachev's true identity
- Los Angeles Times “Fired CIA Agent Who Fled Arrest Surfaces in Moscow Accused of Wiping Out Spy Station by Selling Secrets,”, August 7, 1986, 1
- 1994 . An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case Central Intelligence Agency, Office of the Inspector General, “Abstract of Report of Investigation, The Aldrich H. Ames Case: An Assessment of CIA's Role in Identifying Ames as an Intelligence Penetration of the Agency, October 21,” 2, http://www.loyola.edu/dept/politics/intel/hitzrept.html [March 26, 2009], and U.S. Congress, 13
- Lewis , A. 1995 . Betrayal: The Story of Aldrich Ames, An American Spy New York : Random House . Tim Weiner, David Johnston, and Neil 135 and David Wise, Nightmover: How Aldrich Ames Sold the CIA to the KGB for $4.6 Million (New York: HarperCollinsPublishers,1995), 177, 178n
- Cherkashin . Spy Handler 156
- Maas , Peter . 1995 . Killer Spy New York : Warner Books . 93; Wise, Nightmover 198; and Diamond, The CIA and the Culture of Failure, 204
- Diamond . The CIA and the Culture of Failure 204 and Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 419
- 1994 . “ The CIA and the Culture of Failure ” . In Report of Investigation: The Aldrich Ames Espionage Case 3 Darby , PA : DIANE Publishing Company . The Senate select committee chairman bears some of the blame, however. He first learned that Moscow Station was losing agents in late 1988 but acceded to pleading from the chief of CIA counterintelligence to let the Agency handle the matter without further interference. Nevertheless, the House counterpart panel held a score of hearings from 1985 to 1988 on counterintelligence issues, and the CIA never mentioned either the Moscow disaster or the mole hunt. See Diamond, 199–204
- See note 5, above
- See note 24, above
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 6
- See note 2, above
- Pincus, “Tainted Intelligence Issue Blunted.”
- Diamond . The CIA and the Culture of Failure 206
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 14
- Bearden and Rise . The Main Enemy, 37
- Ibid
- 2008 . See “F-15: Operational History,” http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/F-15#Operational_ history [August 7,], Granted, the F-15's combat record did not pit American against Soviet or Russian pilots. Half of the “kills” were made by Israeli pilots and the rest by American pilots during the first Persian Gulf War. True, unequal pilot skills are a factor, but the tally sheet is so lopsided as to suggest the inherent superiority of the F-15
- Royden, “Tolkachev: A Worthy Successor to Penkovsky,” 14
- Bearden and Risen . The Main Enemy , 27 37