Sports Participation versus Consumer Expenditure on Sport: Different Determinants and Strategies in Sports Management

References

• Ahlert , G. 2000 . Reasons for modelling sports in a complex economic model: Two examples . The European Journal for Sport Management , 7 ( 1 ) : 31 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Amemiya , T. 1984 . Tobit models. A Survey . Journal of Econometrics , 24 ( 1/2 ) : 3 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Andreff , W. and Nys , J. F. 2001 . Economie du sport , Paris : PUF .
   Google Scholar
• Andreff , W. and Staudohar , P. D. 2002 . “ European and US sport business models ” . In Transatlantic sport. The comparative economics of North American and European sports , Edited by: Pestana , C. , Ibrahimo , M. and Szymanski , S. 23 – 49 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Andreff , W. , Bourg , J. F. , Halba , B. and Nys , J. F. 1995 . Les enjeux économiques du sport en Europe: financement et impact économique , Paris : Dalloz .
   Google Scholar
• Baade , R. A. 2003 . Evaluation subsidies for professional sports in the United States and Europe: A public-sector primer . Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 19 ( 4 ) : 585 – 597 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartolucci , M. 1997 . Evaluation of the economic impact of sport in developed countries and Croatia . Kinesioly , 29 ( 1 ) : 71 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Borland , J. and MacDonald , R. 2003 . Demand for Sport . Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 19 ( 4 ) : 478 – 502 .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1984 . Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1991 . “ Sport and social class ” . In Rethinking popular cultures , Edited by: Mukerji , C. and Schudson , M. 357 – 373 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brand , D. 1995 . Tapping new markets: Women as sport consumers . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 4 ( 4 ) : 9 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , C. 1988 . A causal modeling analysis of sociodemographics and moderate and vigorous physical activity behavior of American adults . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 59 : 328 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Cabinet Office . 2002 . Game plan: A strategy for delivering Government's sport and physical activity objectives , London : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Cambridge Econometrics . 2003 . The value of the sports economy in England , London : Sport England .
   Google Scholar
• Coalter , F. 1993 . Sports participation: Price or priorities? . Leisure Studies , 12 ( 3 ) : 171 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Coalter , F. 1999 . Sport and recreation in the United Kingdom: Flow with the flow or buck the trends? . Managing Leisure , 4 ( 1 ) : 24 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Coalter , F. 2004 . Reference pricing: Changing perceptions of entrance charges for sport and recreation . Managing Leisure , 9 ( 2 ) : 73 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Coalter , F. , Dowers , S. and Baxter , M. 1995 . “ The impact of social class and education on sports participation: some evidence from the general household survey ” . In Leisure and social stratification , Edited by: Roberts , K. 59 – 73 . Leisure Studies Association .
   Google Scholar
• Coates , D. and Humpherys , B. R. 1999 . The growth effects of sport franchises, stadias and arenas . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , 18 ( 4 ) : 601 – 624 .
   Google Scholar
• Couder , J. and Késenne , S. 1990 . The economic impact of sport in Flanders . Sport Science Review , 13 : 60 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe . 1992 . European sports charter , Strasbourg : European Union .
   Google Scholar
• Czarnitzki , D. and Stadtmann , G. 2002 . Uncertainty of outcome versus reputation: Empirical evidence for the First German Football Division . Empirical Economics , 27 : 101 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Dardis , R. , Soberon-Ferrer , H. and Patro , D. 1994 . Analysis of leisure expenditures in the United States . Journal of Leisure Research , 26 ( 4 ) : 309 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , L. E. 2002 . Consumers’ expenditure on sport in the UK: increased spending or underestimation? . Managing Leisure , 7 ( 2 ) : 83 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Desbordes , M. , Ohl , F. and Tribou , G. 1999 . Marketing du sport , Paris : Economica .
   Google Scholar
• Duran , J. 1995 . Análisis evolutivo del deporte en la sociedad española . Revista Española de Educación Física y Deportes , 2 ( 1 ) : 15 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Eber , N. 2003 . Sports practice, health and macroeconomic performances. An endogenous growth model . Journal of Sport Economics , 4 ( 2 ) : 126 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Eitzen , S. D. and Sage , G. H. 1991 . Sociology of North American sport , Madison, WI : Brown & Benchmark .
   Google Scholar
• Fort , R. , & Quirk , J. (1995) . Cross-subsidization, incentives, and outcomes in professional team sports leagues . Journal of Economic Literature, XXXIII , 1265 – 1299 .
   Google Scholar
• Gable , A. , & Ohl , F. ( 2002 September ) . Sport culture and material culture: The example of student's consumption . Paper presented at the 10th EASM Congress , Jyvaskyla , Finland .
   Google Scholar
• García , M. 2001 . Los españoles y el deporte: práctica y comportamiento en la útima década del siglo XX , Madrid : Consejo Superior de Deportes .
   Google Scholar
• Gouguet J. J. (dir.) Observatoire economique du sport Centre de Droit et d'Economie du Sport Limousin 1998
   Google Scholar
• Gratton , C. and Kokolakakis , T. 1997 . Economic impact of sport in England 1995 , London : The Sports Council .
   Google Scholar
• Gratton , C. and Taylor , P. 1995 . From economic theory to leisure practice via empirics: the case of demand and price . Leisure Studies , 14 : 245 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Gratton , C. and Taylor , P. 2000 . Economics of sport and recreation , London : Spon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , W. H. 2002 . LIMDEP version 8.0 User's manual , New York : Econometric Software .
   Google Scholar
• Gujarati , D. N. 1995 . Basic econometrics , Singapore : McGraw–Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. , Tatham , R. L. , Anderson , R. E. and Blac , N. 1998 . Multivariate data analysis , Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Halba , B. 1997 . Économie du sport , Paris : Economica .
   Google Scholar
• Heinemann , K. 1999 . Sport clubs in various European countries, Series Club of Cologne , Stuttgart : Hofmann Verlan .
   Google Scholar
• Henley Centre for Forecasting. 1986 . The economic impact and importance of sport in the UK , London : The Sports Council .
   Google Scholar
• Hillary Commission . (1999) . The push play facts . Wellington : New Zealand Commission . Retrieved on August 28, 2004, from http://www.hillarysport.org.nz .
   Google Scholar
• House of Commons. 1998 . Sport in Canada: Leadership, partnership and accountability, everybody's business , Toronto : Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , H. G. (Ed.) . (1989) . The economic impact and importance of sport: A European study . Strasbourg : Council of Europe .
   Google Scholar
• Késenne , S. 1992 . Sport facilities: tariffs and promotion . Vlaams Tijdschrift voor Sportbeheer , 111 : 29 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Késenne , S. and Butzen , P. 1987 . Subsidizing sport facilities: the shadow price-elasticities of sports . Applied economics , 19 ( 1 ) : 101 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Késenne , S. , Couder , J. , & De Maesschalck , L. (1987) . The economic impact of sport in the Flanders . Study undertaken on behalf of the Vlaams Gemeenschapsministerie van cultuur , Belgium .
   Google Scholar
• Lamb , L. L. , Asturias , L. P. , Roberts , K. and Brodie , D. A. 1992 . Sports participation—how much does it cost? . Leisure Studies , 11 ( 1 ) : 19 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. G. and Bhargava , V. 2004 . Leisure time: Do married and single individuals spend it differently? . Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal , 32 ( 3 ) : 254 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Maeda , H. 2000 . Prosperous middle-aged women's sports in Japan through some gender issues . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 35 ( 4 ) : 487 – 494 .
   Google Scholar
• Manders , T. and Kropman , J. 1987 . Sport: Development and costs , Nijmegen : Institute voor Toegep, Soc. Wetenschappen .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , J. and Moffit , R. 1980 . The uses of Tobit analyses . Review of Economics and Statistics , 62 : 318 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Meek , A. 1997 . An estimate of the size and supported economic activity of the sports industry in the United States . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 6 ( 4 ) : 15 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Michon , B. and Ohl , F. 1989 . “ Aspects socio-économiques du prix de la pratique sportive ” . In Economie politique du sport , Edited by: Andreff , W. 34 – 72 . Paris : Dalloz .
   Google Scholar
• Michon , B. , Ohl , F. , & Faber , C. (1987) . Les prix de la pratique sportive pour le consommateur . Strasbourg : Laboratorie APS et Sciences Sociales de l'Université des Sciences Humanines (UFR STAPS) .
   Google Scholar
• Ministére du Jeunesse et Sport (MJS) . 2001 . Le poids economique du sport , Paris : Ministére du Jeunesse et Sport .
   Google Scholar
• National Centre for Culture and Recreation Statistics (NCCRS) . (2001) . Sport and recreation in Australia . Adelaide : Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved on September 20, 2004, from http://www.dsr.nsw.gov.au/publicat/ .
   Google Scholar
• National Statistics (NS) . (2004) . Sport and leisure. Results from the sport and leisure model of the 2002 general household survey . London : TSO . Retrieved on September 20, 2004 from www.statistics.gov.uk .
   Google Scholar
• Noll , R. G. 1974 . “ Attendance and price setting ” . In Government and the sports business , Edited by: Noll , R. G. 115 – 157 . Washington, DC : The Brookings Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Noll , R. G. , & Zimbalist , A. (Eds.) . (1997) . Sports, jobs and taxes: The economic impact of sport teams and stadiums . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Nomisma . 2001 . Sport ed economia. Studio sugli aspetti economici del sistema sportivo italiano negli anni 1994–1998 , Bologna : CONI .
   Google Scholar
• Norum , P. S. 2003 . Examination of generational differences in household apparel expenditures . Family and Consumer Research Journal , 32 ( 1 ) : 52 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Oga , J. 1998 . Business fluctuation and the sport industry in Japan: An analysis of the sport industry from 1986 to 1993 . Journal of Sport Management , 12 ( 1 ) : 63 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Ohl , F. (1991) . Pratiques économiques, pratiques sociales. Etude de la genése sociale du coút financier des sports . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univ des Sciences Humaines–UFR .
   Google Scholar
• Oldenboom , E. R. , Hopstaken , P. and Van der Meer , F. 1996 . De nationale bestedingen aan sport , Amsterdam : Universiteint Van Amsterdam .
   Google Scholar
• Otero , J. M. , Fernández , A. and Isla , F. 2000 . Estudio Socioeconómico del Deporte en Andalucía 1998–1999 , Sevilla : Government of Andalucía .
   Google Scholar
• Pedrosa R. (dir.) El impacto económico del deporte en Castilla y León Government of Castilla and León Valladolid 2000
   Google Scholar
• Pieda . 1991 . Sport and the economy of Scotland.Research Report No, 18 , Edinburgh : The Scottish Sports Council .
   Google Scholar
• Puig , N. 2000 . “ Spain ” . In Handbook of sports studies , Edited by: Coakley , J. and Dunning , E. 555 – 557 . London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Rapún , M. (dir.) . 2004 . Impacto del deporte en la economía navarra , Pamplona : Government of Navarra .
   Google Scholar
• Rissanen , P. , Valtonen , H. and Pekurinen , P. 1992 . Survey on sport consumption in Finland in 1991 , Kuopio : University of Kuopio .
   Google Scholar
• Scheerder , J. , Vanreusel , B. , Taks , M. and Renson , R. 2002 . Social sports stratification in Flanders 1969–99 . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 37 ( 2 ) : 219 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Serrano , J. A. 1999 . Prácticas y audiencias deportivas . Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas , 87 : 101 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Shamir , B. and Ruskin , H. 1984 . Sports participation vs. Sport spectatorship: Two modes of leisure behaviour . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 ( 1 ) : 9 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Siegfried , J. and Zimbalist , A. 2000 . The economics of sports facilities and their communities . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 14 ( 3 ) : 95 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Sport England (2004) . Driving up participation: The challenge for sport . London : Sport England . Retrieved on September 20, 2004, from http://www.sportengland.org .
   Google Scholar
• Sport Industry Research Centre (SIRC) . 2004 . Sport market forecasts (2004–2008) , Sheffield : SIRC .
   Google Scholar
• Statistical Working Group of the Sport and Recreation Ministers Council (SWG) . 1995 . Sport and statistics , Beaumont : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Taks , M. (1994) . Stratification sociale dans le sport: une question d'argent ou d'habitus . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Leuven .
   Google Scholar
• Taks , M. and Késenne , S. 2000 . The economic significance of sport in Flanders . Journal of Sport Management , 14 : 342 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Taks , M. , Renson , R. and Vanreusel , B. 1995 . Social stratification in sport: a matter of money or taste? . The European Journal for Sport Management , 2 ( 1 ) : 4 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Taks , M. , Renson , R. and Vanreusel , B. 1999 . Consumer expenses in sport: a marketing tool for sports . The European Journal for Sport Management , 6 ( 1 ) : 4 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Taks , M. , Vanreusel , B. and Renson , R. 1994 . What does sport really cost? A micro-economic study of the consumer cost of golf and soccer . The European Journal for Sport Management , 1 ( 1 ) : 22 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Thrane , C. 2001 . Sport Spectatorship in Scandinavia. A class phenomenon? . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 36 ( 2 ) : 149 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Tobin , J. 1958 . Estimations of relationship for limited dependent variables . Econometrica , 26 : 24 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Villalba F. (dir.) Deporte y economía: una cuantificación de la demanda deportiva en Andalucía Fundación Unicaja Sevilla 2002
   Google Scholar
• Weber , W. , Schnieder , C. , Kortluke , N. and Horak , B. 1995 . Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung des Sports , Schorndorf : Hofmann .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , T. C. 2002 . The paradox of social class and sports involvement. The roles of cultural and economic capital . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 37 ( 1 ) : 5 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. J. , Pease , D. G. , Hui , S. C. and Michaud , T. J. 1995 . Variables affecting the spectator decision to attend NBA games . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 4 ( 4 ) : 29 – 39 .
   Google Scholar