Psychometric Evaluation of the Team Identification Scale among Greek Sport Fans: A Cross-validation Approach

References

• Abrams , D. , & Hogg , M. A. 1999 . Social identity and social cognition . Oxford, , UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Ashmore , R. D. , Deaux , K. and McLaughlin-Volpe , T. 2004 . An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality . Psychological Bulletin , 130 : 80 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banville , D. , Desrosiers , P. and Genet-Volet , Y. 2000 . Translating questionnaires and inventories using a cross-cultural translation technique . Journal of Teaching in Physical Education , 19 : 374 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. 1995 . EQS structural equations program manual , Encino, CA : Multivariate Software, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Bilyeu , J. K. and Wann , D. L. 2002 . An investigation of racial differences in sport fan motivation . International Sports Journal , 6 : 93 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Bloemer , J. , de Ruyter , K. and Wetzels , M. 1999 . Linking perceived service quality and service loyalty: a multi-dimensional perspective . European Journal of Marketing , 33 : 1082 – 1106 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , R. J. , Condor , F. , Mathews , A. , Wade , G. and Williams , J. A. 1986 . Explaining intergroup differentiation in an industrial organization . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 22 : 78 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. 2006 . Structural equation modeling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. , Shavelson , R. J. and Muthen , B. 1989 . Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance . Psychological Bulletin , 105 : 456 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung , G. W. and Rensvold , R. B. 2002 . Evaluating goodness-of-fit indices for testing Measurement invariance . Structural Equation Modelling , 9 : 233 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , G. 2004 . Consuming sport: Fans, sport, and culture , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. J. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrica , 16 : 297 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ruyter , K. , Wetzels , M. and Bloemer , J. 1998 . On the relationship between perceived service quality, loyalty and switching costs . International Journal of Service Industry Management , 9 : 436 – 453 .
   Google Scholar
• Dietz-Uhler , B. and Lanter , J. R. 2008 . “ The consequences of sports fan identification ” . In Sports mania: Essays on fandom and the media in the 21st century , Edited by: Hugenberg , L. W. , Kardidakis , P. M. and Earnheardt , A. C. 103 – 113 . Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland .
   Google Scholar
• Dimmock , J. A. and Grove , J. R. 2006 . Identification with sport team as a function of the search for certainty . Journal of Sport Sciences , 24 : 1203 – 1211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimmock , J. A. , Grove , J. R. and Eklund , R. C. 2005 . Reconceptualizing team identification: New dimensions and their relationship to intergroup bias . Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice , 5 : 75 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellemers , N. , Kortekaas , P. and Ouwekerk , J. W. 1999 . Self-categorisation, commitment to the group and self-esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity . European Journal of Social Psychology , 29 : 371 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , R. J. 1998 . Group-derived consumption: The role of similarity and attractiveness in identification with a favorite sports team . Advances in Consumer Research , 25 : 283 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , R. J. and Wakefield , K. 1998 . Factors leading to group identification: A field study of winners and losers . Psychology & Marketing , 15 : 23 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell , C. and Larcker , D. F. 1981 . Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error . Journal of Marketing Research , 18 : 39 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk , D. C. and James , J. D. 2006 . Consumer loyalty: The meaning of attachment in the development of sport team allegiance . Journal of Sport Management , 20 : 189 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwinner , K. and Swanson , S. R. 2003 . A model of fan identification: Antecedents and sponsorship outcomes . Journal of Services Marketing , 17 : 275 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Haccoun , R. R. 1987 . Une nouvelle technique de verification de l' equivalence de measures psychologiques traduites [A new equivalency verification technique of translated psychological measures] . Revue Québécoise de Psychologie , 3 : 13 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Heere , B. and James , J. D. 2007 . Stepping outside the lines: Developing a multidimensional team identity scale based on social identity theory . Sport Management Review , 10 : 65 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Henry , K. B. , Arrow , H. and Carini , B. 1999 . A tripartite model of group identification: Theory and measurement . Small Group Research , 30 : 558 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinkle , S. , Taylor , L. A. , Fox-Cardamone , D. L. and Cook , S. 1989 . Intragroup identification and intergroup differentiation: A multicomponent approach . British Journal of Social Psychology , 28 : 305 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg , M. A. 1992 . The social psychology of group cohesiveness: From attraction to social identity . Hemel Hempstead, , UK : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
   Google Scholar
• Hoyle , R. H. and Panter , A. T. 1995 . “ Writing about structural equation models ” . In Structural equation modelling: Concepts, issues and applications , Edited by: Hoyle , R. H. 158 – 176 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. W. 2002 . Intergroup attitudes as a function of different dimensions of group identification and perceived intergroup conflict . Self and Identity , 1 : 11 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , J. D. , Kolbe , R. H. and Trail , G. T. 2002 . Psychological connection to a new sport team: Building or maintaining the consumer base? . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 11 : 215 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , I. 1997 . A further examination of the factors influencing current identification with a sports team, a response to Wann, et al. (1996) . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 85 : 257 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahony , D. F. , Madrigal , R. and Howard , D. 2000 . Using the psychological Commitment to Team (PCT) Scale to segment sport consumers based on loyalty . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 9 : 15 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Mardia , K. V. 1970 . Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications . Biometrika , 57 : 519 – 530 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman , K. D. and Hirt , E. R. 2002 . Social prediction and the “allegiance bias” . Social Cognition , 20 : 58 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H. W. 1993 . The multidimensional structure of physical fitness: Invariance over gender and age . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64 : 256 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka , H. , Chelladurai , P. and Harada , M. 2003 . Direct and indirect effects of team identification and satisfaction on intentions to attend games . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 12 : 244 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Melnick , M. J. and Wann , D. L. 2004 . Sport fandom influences, interests, and behaviors among Norwegian university students . International Sports Journal , 8 : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , J. P. and Allen , N. J. 1991 . A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment . Human Resources Management Review , 1 : 61 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Pease , D. G. and Zhang , J. J. 2001 . Socio-motivational factors affecting spectator attendance at professional basketball games . International Journal of Sport Management , 2 ( 1 ) : 31 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Phinney , J. S. 1990 . Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research . Psychological Bulletin , 108 : 499 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , M. J. and Trail , G. T. 2005 . Relationships among spectator gender, motives, points of attachment, and sport preference . Journal of Sport Management , 19 : 58 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , M. J. , Trail , G. T. , Dick , R. J. and Gillentine , A. J. 2005 . Fans vs. spectators: An analysis of those who attend intercollegiate football games . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 14 : 43 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , W. P. 1996 . Social groups and identities: Developing the legacy of Henri Tajfel 7 . Oxford, , UK : Butterworth-Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Straub , B. 1995 . Die Messung der Identifikation mit einer Sportmannschaft: Eine deutsche adaptation der “Team Identification Scale” von Wann und Branscombe . Psychologie und Sport , 4 : 132 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , W. A. , McDonald , M. A. , Milne , G. R. and Cimperman , J. 1997 . Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sports . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 6 : 15 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel , H. 1978 . “ Social categorization, social identity and social comparison ” . In Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relation , Edited by: Tajfel , H. 61 – 76 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Theodorakis , N. D. and Alexandris , K. 2008 . Can service quality predict spectators' behavioral intentions in professional soccer? . Managing Leisure , 13 : 162 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Theodorakis , N. D. , Vlachopoulos , S. P. , Wann , D. L. , Afthinos , Y. and Nassis , P. 2006 . Measuring team identification: Translation and cross-cultural validity of the Greek version of the Sport Spectator Identification Scale . International Journal of Sport Management , 7 : 506 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Theodorakis , N. D. and Wann , D. L. 2008 . An examination of sport fandom in Greece: Influences, interests, and behaviors . International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing , 4 : 356 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Trail , G. T. , Anderson , D. F. and Fink , J. S. 2000 . A theoretical model of sport spectator consumption behavior . International Journal of Sport Management , 1 : 154 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trail , G. T. , Anderson , D. F. and Fink , J. S. 2005 . Consumer satisfaction and identity theory: A model of sport spectator conative loyalty . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 14 : 98 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Trail , G. T. , Fink , J. S. and Anderson , D. F. 2003 . Sport spectator consumption behavior . Sport Marketing Quarterly , 12 : 8 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Trail , G. T. and James , J. D. 2001 . An analysis of the sport fan motivation scale . Journal of Sport Behavior , 24 : 107 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , J. C. , Hogg , M. A. , Oakes , P. J. , Reicher , S. D. and Wetherell , M. S. 1987 . Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory , New York : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Uemukai , K. , Takenouchi , T. , Okuda , E. , Matsumoto , M. and Yamanaka , K. 1995 . Analysis of the factors affecting spectators' identification with professional football teams in Japan . Journal of Sport Sciences , 13 : 522
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R. J. 1989 . Vers une mėthodologie de validation trans-culturelle de questionnaires psychologiques: Implications pour la recherche en langue française [Toward a methodology of cross-cultural validation of psychological questionnaires: Implications for research in French] . Psychologie Canadienne , 30 : 662 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R. J. and Halliwell , W. R. 1983 . Vers une mėthodologie de validation trans-culturelle de questionnaires psychologiques: Implications pour la psychologie du sport [Toward a methodology of cross-cultural validation of psychological questionnaires: Implications for sport psychology] . Journal Canadien des Sciences Appliquees au Sport , 8 : 9 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vlachopoulos , S.P. , Kaperoni , M. , Moustaka , F. C. and Anderson , D. F. 2008 . Psychometric evaluation of the exercise identity scale among Greek adults and cross-cultural validity . Research Quality for Exercise and Sport , 79 : 283 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann , D. L. 2006a . “ The causes and consequences of sport team identification ” . In Handbook of sports and media , Edited by: Raney , A. A. and Bryant , J. 331 – 352 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Wann , D. L. 2006b . Understanding the positive social psychological benefits of sport team identification: The team identification – social psychological health model . Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice , 10 : 272 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann , D. L. and Branscombe , N. R. 1993 . Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with the team . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 24 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann , D. L. , Carlson , J. D. and Schrader , M. P. 1999 . The impact of team identification on the hostile and instrumental verbal aggression of sport spectators . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 14 : 279 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Wann , D. L. and Dolan , T. J. 1994 . Influence of spectators' identification on evaluation of the past present and future performance of a sports team . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 78 : 547 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann , D. L. , Grieve , F. G. , End , C. , Zapalac , R. K. , Lanter , J. R. , & Pease , D. G. 2009 , September . Examining the superstitious behaviors of sport fans: Types of superstitions, perceptions of impact, and relationship with team identification . In F. G. Grieve (Chair), Research involving sport fans: Identification and cognition. Symposium paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Applied Sport Psychology, Salt Lake City .
   Google Scholar
• Wann , D. L. , Melnick , M. J. , Russell , G. W. and Pease , D. G. 2001 . Sport fans: The psychology and social impact of spectators , New York : Routledge Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. P. , Zhang , J. J. , Pease , D. G. and Gaa , J. P. 2003 . Dimensions of spectator identification associated with women's professional basketball game attendance . International Journal of Sport Management , 4 : 59 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Zeithaml , V. A. , Berry , L. L. and Parasuraman , A. 1996 . The behavioral consequences of service quality . Journal of Marketing , 60 : 31 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar