1,927
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Towards the Construction of the World Anti-Doping Agency: Analyzing the Approaches of FIFA and the IAAF to Doping in Sport

Pages 445-470 | Received 18 Nov 2010, Accepted 19 Aug 2011, Published online: 21 Nov 2011

References

  • Backhouse , S ., McKenna , J ., Robinson , S ., & Atkin , A . 2007 . International literature review: Attitudes, behaviours, knowledge and education . World Anti-Doping Agency report on drugs in sport: Past, present and future . Leeds , , UK : Carnegie Research Institute .
  • Battilana , J. , Leca , B. and Boxenbaum , E. 2009 . How actors change institutions: Towards a theory of institutional entrepreneurship . The Academy of Management Annals , 3 : 65 – 107 .
  • Beamish , R. and Ritchie , I. 2004 . From chivalrous “brothers-in-arms” to eligible athlete: Changed principles and the IOC's banned substance list . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 39 : 355 – 371 .
  • Boli , J. and Thomas , G. M. 1997 . World culture in the world polity: A century of international non-governmental organizations . American Sociological Review , 62 : 171 – 190 .
  • Boxenbaum , E ., & Jonsson , S . 2008 . Isomorphism, diffusion and decoupling . In R. Greenwood , C. Oliver , K. Sahlin , & R. Suddaby , The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism (pp. 539 – 559 ). London : SAGE.
  • Brissonneau , C. 2008 . Doping in professional sport . Report for the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Brunsson , N. 1989/2006 . Administrative reforms as routines . Scandinavian Journal of Management , 22 : 243 – 252 .
  • Campbell , J. L. 2010 . “ Institutional reproduction and change ” . In The Oxford handbook of comparative institutional analysis , Edited by: Morgan , G. , Campbell , J. L. , Crouch , C. , Pedersen , O. K. and Whitley , R. 87 – 115 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Clegg , S. , Courpasson , D. and Philips , N. 2006 . Power and organizations , Los Angeles , CA : SAGE .
  • DiMaggio , P. 1988 . “ Interest and agency in institutional theory ” . In Institutional patterns and organizations: Culture and environment , Edited by: Zucker , L. 3 – 21 . Cambridge , MA : Ballinger .
  • DiMaggio , P. and Powell , W. 1983/1991 . “ The iron gage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W. and DiMaggio , P. 63 – 82 . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press .
  • Dimeo , P. 2007 . A history of drug use in sport: Beyond good and evil , London : Routledge .
  • Elias , N. 1978 . What is sociology? , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Ferstle , J. 2001 . “ World conference on doping in sport ” . In Doping in elite sport: The politics of drugs in the Olympic movement , Edited by: Wilson , W. and Derse , E. 275 – 286 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
  • FIFA . ( 1967 , November 15–16 ). Minutes of the medical committee bureau . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1970 , December 3–4 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1974 , July 2 ). Agenda of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1975 , November 14 ). Agenda of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1977 , May 13 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1978 , June 23 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1979a , February 5 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1979b , February 5 ). Agenda of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1981 , September 18 ). Agenda of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1982a , July 5 ). Agenda of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1982b , July 5 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1983 , October 15 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1984a , October 26 ). Enclosure to the agenda of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1984b , October 26 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1985 , April 29 ). Minutes of the medical committee bureau . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1987 , November 13 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1989a , October 27 ). Agenda of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1989b , October 27 ). Enclosure to agenda of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1991 , February, 21 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1992 , October, 21 ). Minutes of the medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1993a , September 29 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1993b , September 29 ). Agenda of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1994 , November 24 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1997a , October 9 ). Agenda of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1997b , October 9 ). Enclosure to the agenda of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1997c , October 9 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1998 , July 10 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1999a , March 9 ). Enclosure to the agenda of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1999b , March 9 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 1999 , October 6 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 2000 , June 6 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 2000 , November 9 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 2003 , April 30 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 2003 , October 28 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 2004 , March 19 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 2006 , October 12 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . ( 2007 , March 20 ). Minutes of the sport medical committee . Zurich , , Switzerland : FIFA Archives .
  • FIFA . 2009 . FIFA and WADA pledge mutual respect and trust . Retrieved September 16, 2010, from http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/releases/newsid=1125358.html .
  • FIFA Communication Division . (003, November 10) . Fight against doping: Individual case management and individual sanctions considered a must . Press Release , Zürich , , Switzerland .
  • FIFA Communication Division . ( 2003 , December 23 ). Doping: Suspension of 14 and 7 months for two players at the FIFA World Youth Championship UAE 2003 . Press Release , Zürich , , Switzerland
  • FIFA Communication Division . ( 2006 , April 24 ). Court of Arbitration for Sport confirms FIFA's individual case management in doping matters . Press Release , Zürich , , Switzerland .
  • FIFA and UEFA . ( 2009 , March 24 ). FIFA and UEFA reject WADA “whereabouts” rule . Press Release, Retrieved March 30, 2009, from http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/releases/newsid=1040455.html#fifa+uefa+reject+wada+whereabouts+rule .
  • Foucault , M. 1971/2001 . Nietzsche: Genealogien, historien [Nietzsche, la généalogie, l′histoire] , Copenhagen , , Denmark : Hans Reitzels Forlag .
  • Hardy , C. and Maguire , S. 2008 . “ Institutional entrepreneurship ” . In The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism , Edited by: Greenwood , R. , Oliver , C. , Sahlin , K. and Suddaby , R. 198 – 217 . London : SAGE .
  • Hanstad , D. V. 2008 . Drug scandal and organizational change with the International Ski Federation: A figurational approach . European Sport Management Quarterly , 8 : 379 – 398 .
  • Hanstad , D. V. and Loland , S. 2009 . Elite athletes’ duty to provide information on their whereabouts: Justifiable anti-doping work or an indefensible surveillance regime? . European Journal of Sport Science , 9 ( 1 ) : 3 – 10 .
  • Hanstad , D. V. , Skille , E. Å. and Loland , S. 2010 . Harmonization of anti-doping work: Myth or reality? . Sport in Society , 13 : 418 – 430 .
  • Hanstad , D. V. , Smith , A. and Waddington , I. 2008 . The establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency: A study of the management of organisational change and unplanned outcome . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 43 : 227 – 249 .
  • Hasse , R. and Krücken , G. 2008 . “ Systems theory, societal contexts, and organizational heterogeneity ” . In The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism , Edited by: Greenwood , R. , Oliver , C. , Sahlin , K. and Suddaby , R. 539 – 559 . London : SAGE .
  • Hoberman , J. 2001 . “ How drug testing fails: The politics of doping control ” . In Doping in elite sport: The politics of drugs in the Olympic movement , Edited by: Wilson , W. and Derse , E. 241 – 274 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Hoberman , J. 2005 . Testosterone dreams: Rejuvenation, aphrodisea, doping , Berkley , CA : University of California Press .
  • Horne , J. and Manzenreiter , W. 2006 . An introduction to the sociology of sports mega-events . Sociological Review , 54 ( 2 ) : 1 – 24 .
  • Houlihan , B. 1999 . Anti-doping policy in sport: The politics of international policy co-ordination . Public Administration , 77 : 311 – 334 .
  • Houlihan , B . 2002 . Dying to win: Doping in sport and the development of anti-doping policy (2nd ed.) . Strasbourg : Council of Europe Publishing .
  • Houlihan , B. 2004 . Civil rights, doping control and the world anti-doping code . Sport in Society , 7 : 420 – 437 .
  • Houlihan , B. 2005 . “ International politics and Olympic governance ” . In Global Olympics: Historical and sociological studies of the modern games , Edited by: Young , K. and Wamsley , K. B. 127 – 142 . Amsterdam , , Netherlands : Elsevier .
  • Houlihan , B. 2007 . “ The doping issue ” . In Congress manual: Biomedical side effects of doping , Edited by: Sarikaya , H. , Peters , C. , Schulz , T. , Schönfelder , M. and Michna , H. 16 – 32 . Munich , , Germany : Technische Universität München .
  • Hunt , T. M . 2007 . Sport, drugs, and the cold war . The conundrum of Olympic doping policy. 1970–1979 , Olympika XVI , 19 – 42 .
  • IAAF . ( 1979 , January 26 ). Notes on meeting of the doping sub-committee . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1984a , January 14 ). Enclosure of the medical committee: Doping sub-committee meeting . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1984b , January 14 ). Minutes of the medical committee: Doping sub-committee meeting . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1985 , January, 12 ). Minutes of the doping sub-commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1986 , January 18 ). Minutes of the doping sub-commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1987 , January, 24 ). Minutes of the doping sub-commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1988 , January 15 and 16 ). Minutes of the doping sub-commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1989 , January 6 and 7 ). Minutes of the doping sub-commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1990 , January 5 ). Minutes of the doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1992 , January 10 and 11 ). Minutes of the doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1993 , March 5 ). Minutes of the doping commission. Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1994 , October 1 ). Minutes of the doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1995 , February 10 ). Minutes of the doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1996 , March 2 ). Minutes of the doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1997 , October 26 and 27 ). Minutes of the doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1998 , November 3 ). Minutes of the doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1999 , February 13 ). Minutes of the doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 1999 , November 12 and 13 ). Minutes of the anti-doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 2000 , November 4 and 5 ). Minutes of the anti-doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 2001 , February 9 and 10 ). Minutes of the anti-doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 2001 , October 27 and 28 ). Minutes of the anti-doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 2004 , January 23 and 24 ). Minutes of the medical & anti-doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 2007 , February 23 and 24 ). Minutes of the medical & anti-doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF . ( 2007 , October 7 and 8 ). Minutes of the medical & anti-doping commission . Monaco : Archives of the Medical & Anti-Doping Apartment .
  • IAAF Agreement . ( 2008 , February 25 ). Author & the IAAF Medical & Anti-Doping Department , Monaco .
  • Jepperson , R. 1991 . “ Institutions, institutional effects, and institutionalism ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W. and DiMaggio , P. 143 – 163 . Chicago , IL : The University of Chicago Press .
  • Knights , D. 2002 . Writing organizational analysis into Foucault . Organization , 9 : 575 – 593 .
  • Lundby , C. , Achman-Andersen , N. J. , Thomsen , J. J. , Nørgaard , A. M. and Robach , P. 2008 . Testing for recombinant human erythropoietin in urine: Problems associated with current anti doping testing . Journal of Applied Physiology , 105 : 417 – 419 .
  • Malcolm , D. and Waddington , I. 2008 . “No systematic doping in football”: A critical review . Soccer & Society , 9 : 198 – 214 .
  • Meyer , J. and Rowan , B. 1977/1991 . “ Institutional organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W. and DiMaggio , P. 41 – 62 . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
  • Meyer , J. , Boli , J. G. , Thomas , G. and Ramirez , F. O. 1997 . World society and the nation-state . American Journal of Sociology , 103 : 144 – 181 .
  • Miah , A. 2002 . Governance, harmonisation and genetics: The World Anti-Doping Agency and its European connections . European Sport Management Quarterly , 2 : 350 – 369 .
  • Miller , G. 1997 . “ Contextualizing texts: Studying organizational texts ” . In Context and method in qualitative research , Edited by: Miller , G. and Dingwall , R. 77 – 91 . London : SAGE .
  • Miller , G. , Dingwall , R. and Murphy , E. 2004 . “ Using qualitative data and analysis: Reflections on organizational research ” . In Qualitative research: Theory, method and practice , Edited by: Silverman , D. 325 – 341 . London : SAGE .
  • Mitchell , G. J. 2007 . Report to the commissioner of baseball of an independent investigation into the illegal use of steroids and other performance enhancing substances by players in Major League Baseball . Retrieved March 13, 2008, from http://files.mlb.com/mitchrpt.pdf .
  • Møller , V. 2009 . The ethics of doping and anti-doping. Redeeming the soul of sport? , London : Routledge .
  • Oliver , C. 1991 . Strategic responses to institutional processes . Academy of Management Review , 16 : 145 – 179 .
  • Pitsch , W. 2009 . “The science of doping” revised: Fallacies of current anti-doping regime . European Journal of Sport Sciences , 9 : 87 – 95 .
  • Prior , L. 2003 . Using documents in social research , London : SAGE .
  • Schneiberg , M. and Clemens , E. S. 2006 . The typical tool for the job: Research strategies in institutional analysis . Sociological Theory , 24 : 195 – 227 .
  • Scott , R. 2001 . Institutions and organizations , 2nd ed , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Spitzer , G. W. 2004 . “ A Leninist monster: Compulsory doping and public policy in the GDR and the lessons for today ” . In Doping and public policy , Edited by: Hoberman , J. and Møller , V. 133 – 143 . Odense : University of Southern Denmark Press .
  • Sterken , E. 2006 . The growth impact of major sporting events . European Sport Management Quarterly , 6 : 375 – 389 .
  • Sugden , J. and Tomlinson , A. 2005 . “ Not for the good of the game: Crisis and credibility in the governance of world football ” . In The global politics of sport. The role of global institutions in sport , Edited by: Lincoln , A. 26 – 45 . London : Routledge .
  • Tamburrini , C . 2000 . What's wrong with doping? In T . Tännsjö & C. Tamburrini , Values in sport (pp. 200 – 216 ). London : Spon Press .
  • Todd , J. and Todd , T. 2001 . “ Significant events in the history of drug testing and the Olympic movement: 1960–1999 ” . In Doping in elite sport: The politics of drugs in the Olympic movement , Edited by: Wilson , W. and Derse , E. 65 – 128 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Tolbert , P. and Zucker , L. G. 1983 . Institutional sources of change in the formal structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reform, 1880–1935 . Administrative Science Quarterly , 28 ( 1 ) : 22 – 39 .
  • Tomlinson , A. 2000 . “ Carrying the torch for whom? Symbolic power and Olympic ceremony ” . In The Olympics at the millennium: Power, politics and the games , Edited by: Schaffer , K. and Smith , S. 167 – 181 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
  • Tomlinson , A. 2005 . “ Olympic survivals. The Olympic Games as a global phenomenon ” . In The global politics of sport , Edited by: Allison , L. 46 – 62 . London : Routledge .
  • Vanutti , D. 2000 . “ Die Tabelle als Ort der letzten Wahrheit—Zum Doping im Fussball ” . In Doping. Spitzensport als gesellschaftliches Problem , Edited by: Gamper , M. , Mühlethaler , J. and Reidhaar , F. 130 – 145 . Zürich : NZZ Verlag .
  • Vrijmann , E. N . 2001 . Harmonization: A bridge too far? A commentary on current issues and problems . In J. O'Leary , Drugs and doping in sport. Socio-legal perspectives (pp. 147 – 166 ). London : Cavendish Publishing .
  • Verroken , M. 2005 . “ Drug use and abuse in sport ” . In Drugs in sport , Edited by: Mottram , D. R. 29 – 63 . London : Routledge .
  • WADA . 2003 . World anti-doping code 2003 . Lausanne : World Anti-Doping Agency .
  • WADA . 2008 . World anti-doping code 2009 . Montreal , QC : World Anti-Doping Agency .
  • Waddington , I. 2000 . “ Doping in sport: A case study of cycling and the 1998 Tour de France ” . In Sport, health and drugs: A critical sociological perspective , Edited by: Waddington , I. 153 – 169 . London : E & FN Spon Press .
  • Waddington , I. and Smith , A. 2009 . Drugs in sport: Addicted to winning? , London : Routledge .
  • Wagner , U. 2009 . The World Anti-Doping Agency: Constructing a hybrid organisation in permanent stress (dis-)order? . International Journal of Sport Policy , 1 : 183 – 200 .
  • Wagner , U. 2010 . The international cycling union under siege: Anti-doping and the biological passport as a mission impossible? . European Sport Management Quarterly , 10 : 321 – 342 .
  • Zakus , D. H. and Skinner , J. 2008 . Modelling organizational change in the International Olympic Committee . European Sport Management Quarterly , 8 : 421 – 442 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.