Changing roles: applying continuity theory to understanding the transition from playing to volunteering in community sport

References

• Atchley , R.C. 1987 . Aging: Continuity and change , 2nd ed. , Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Atchley , R.C. 1989 . A continuity theory of aging . The Gerontologist , 29 : 183 – 190 . doi: 10.1093/geront/29.2.183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atchley , R.C. 1993 . “ Continuity theory and the evolution of activity in later life ” . In Activity and ageing: Staying involved in later life , Edited by: Kelly , J. 5 – 16 . Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Atchley , R.C. 1999 . Continuity and adaptation in aging , Baltimore , MD : The John Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics . 2006a . Volunteers in sport , Cat. No. 4440.0.55.001 . Canberra : Commonwealth of Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics . 2006b . Voluntary work, Australia , Cat. No. 4441.0 . Canberra : Commonwealth of Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics . 2010 . Involvement in organised sport and physical activity , Cat. No. 6285.0 . Canberra : Commonwealth of Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1980 . Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , H.R. 1960 . Notes on the concept of commitment . American Sociological Review , 66 : 32 – 42 . doi: 10.1086/222820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackshaw , T. 2010 . Leisure , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Boyatzis , R.E. 1998 . Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Braun , V. and Clarke , V. 2006 . Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology , 3 : 77 – 101 . doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , E. , Peterson , M. and Gregory , G. 2010 . Toward a better understanding of volunteering for nonprofit organizations: Explaining volunteers prosocial attitude . Journal of Macromarketing , 30 ( 1 ) : 61 – 76 . doi: 10.1177/0276146709352220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr , V. 1995 . An introduction to social constructionism , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Chacon , F. , Vecina , M.L. and Davila , M.C. 2007 . The three-stage model of volunteers’ duration of service . Social Behaviour and Personality , 35 ( 5 ) : 627 – 642 . doi: 10.2224/sbp.2007.35.5.627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clary , E.G. and Snyder , M. 1999 . The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 8 ( 5 ) : 156 – 159 . doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clary , E.G. , Snyder , M. and Ridge , R. 1992 . Volunteers’ motivations: A functional strategy for the recruitment, placement and retention of volunteers . Nonprofit Management and Leadership , 2 ( 4 ) : 333 – 350 . doi: 10.1002/nml.4130020403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clary , E. , Snyder , M. and Stukas , A. 1996 . Volunteers’ motivations: Findings from a national survey . Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly , 25 ( 4 ) : 485 – 505 . doi: 10.1177/0899764096254006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , A. and Lowenburg , G. 1990 . A re-examination of the side-bets theory as applied to organizational commitment: A meta-analysis . Human Relations , 43 ( 10 ) : 1015 – 1050 . doi: 10.1177/001872679004301005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cnaan , R. and Goldberg-Glen , R.S. 1991 . Measuring motivation to volunteer in human services . Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , 27 ( 3 ) : 269 – 284 . doi: 10.1177/0021886391273003
   Google Scholar
• Crabbe , T. 2000 . A sporting chance? Using sport to tackle crime and drug use . Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy , 7 : 381 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuskelly , G. 2004 . Volunteer retention in community sport organisations . European Sport Management Quarterly , 4 : 59 – 76 . doi: 10.1080/16184740408737469
   Google Scholar
• Cuskelly , G. and Harrington , M. 1997 . Volunteers and leisure: Evidence of marginal and career volunteers in sport . World Leisure and Recreation , 39 ( 3 ) : 11 – 18 . doi: 10.1080/10261133.1997.9674073
   Google Scholar
• Cuskelly , G. , Harrington , M. and Stebbins , R.A. 2002 . Changing levels of organizational commitment amongst sport volunteers: A serious leisure approach . Loisir/Leisure Special Issue: Volunteerism and Leisure , 27 ( 3–4 ) : 191 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , M.A. 2008 . Predictors of volunteer time: The changing contributions of motive fulfilment and role identity . Social Behaviour and Personality , 36 ( 10 ) : 1353 – 1564 . doi: 10.2224/sbp.2008.36.10.1353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , M.A. , Penner , L.A. and Brannick , M.T. 2005 . Motive, role and identity and prosocial personality as predictors of volunteer activity . Social Behavior and Personality , 33 ( 4 ) : 403 – 418 . doi: 10.2224/sbp.2005.33.4.403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galper , D. , Trivedi , M. , Barlow , C , Dunn , A. and Kampert , J.B. 2006 . Inverse association between physical inactivity and mental health in men and women . Medicine and Science in Sport & Exercise , 38 ( 1 ) : 171 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Grube , J. , & Piliavin , J.A. 2000 . Role identity, organizational experience, and volunteer experiences . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 ( 9 ), 1108 – 1119 . doi: 10.1177/01461672002611007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvie , G. 2003 . Communtarianism, sport and social capital . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 38 ( 2 ) : 139 – 153 . doi: 10.1177/1012690203038002001
   Google Scholar
• Kahn , R.L. and Antonucci , T. 1981 . “ Convoys of social support: A life-course approach ” . In Ageing: Social change , Edited by: Keisler , S.B. , Morgan , J.N. and Oppenheimer , V.K. 383 – 405 . New York , NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelman , H.C. 1958 . Compliance, identification and internalization: Three processes of attitude change . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 2 ( 1 ), 51 – 60 . doi: 10.1177/002200275800200106
   Google Scholar
• Knoke , D. and Prensky , D. 1984 . What relevance do organization theories have for voluntary associations? . Social Science Quarterly , 65 ( 1 ) : 3 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laverie , D. and McDonald , R.E. 2007 . Volunteer identity: Understanding the role of identity importance on participation frequency . Journal of Macromarketing , 27 ( 3 ) : 274 – 288 . doi: 10.1177/0276146707302837
   Google Scholar
• Liao-Troth , M.A. and Dunn , C.P. 1999 . Social constructs and human service: Managerial sense making of volunteer motivation . Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations , 10 ( 4 ) : 345 – 361 . doi: 10.1023/A:1021486408619
   Google Scholar
• Leisure Industries Research Centre . 2003 . Sports volunteering in England 2002 . London : Sport England .
   Google Scholar
• McCracken , G. 1988 . The long interview , Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Manson , J.E. , Skerrett , P. , Greenland , P. and VanItallie , T.B. 2004 . The escalating pandemics of obesity and sedentary lifestyle . Archives of Internal Medicine , 164 : 249 – 258 . doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.3.249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , J.P. and Allen , N.J. 1991 . A three component conceptualization of organizational commitment . Human Resource Management Review , 1 ( 1 ) : 61 – 89 . doi: 10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
   Google Scholar
• Morse , J.M. , Barnett , N. , Mayan , M. , Olson , K. and Spiers , J. 2002 . Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research . International Journal of Qualitative Methods , 1 ( 2 ) : 13 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Mowday , R.T. , Porter , L.W. and Steers , R. 1982 . Organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover , San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neuman , W.L. 1997 . Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches , 3rd ed. , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Neuman , W.L. 2000 . Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches , Boston , MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , G. 2004 . Crime and punishment and sports development . Leisure Studies , 23 ( 2 ) : 177 – 194 . doi: 10.1080/0261436042000226363
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , G. 2005 . Stalwarts in sport . World Leisure Journal , 47 ( 2 ) : 31 – 37 . doi: 10.1080/04419057.2005.9674393
   Google Scholar
• Patton , M. 2002 . Qualitative research & evaluation methods , 3rd ed. , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , J.L. 1993 . The organizational behaviour of unpaid workers , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Penner , L.A. 2002 . Dispositional and organizational influences on sustained volunteerism: An interactionist perspective . Journal of Social Issues , 58 ( 32 ) : 447 – 467 . doi: 10.1111/1540-4560.00270
   Google Scholar
• Pfeifer , C. and CorneliBen , T. 2010 . The impact of participation in sports on educational attainment—New evidence from Germany . Economics of Education Review , 29 ( 1 ) : 94 – 103 . doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , K. 2011 . Leisure: The importance of being inconsequential . Leisure Studies , 30 ( 1 ) : 126 – 128 . doi: 10.1080/02614367.2010.506650
   Google Scholar
• Rochester , C. 2006 . Making sense of volunteering , London : Volunteering England .
   Google Scholar
• Schulz , J. , Nichols , G. and Auld , C. 2011 . “ Issues in the management of voluntary sport organizations and volunteers ” . In Routledge handbook of sports development , Edited by: Houlihan , B. and Green , M. 437 – 450 . New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon , M.E. 1971 . Investments and involvements as mechanisms producing commitment to the organization . Administrative Science Quarterly , 16 : 143 – 150 . doi: 10.2307/2391824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D.H. 1981 . Altruism, volunteers and volunteerism . Journal of Voluntary Action Research , 10 ( 1 ) : 21 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Sport England . 2010 . Active people survey, 2009–2010 . Retrieved from http://www.sportengland.org/research/active_people_survey/active_people_survey_4.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Sport England . 2011 . Active people survey, 2010–2011 . Retrieved from http://www.sportengland.org/research/active_people_survey/aps5.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2006 . Caring Canadians, giving Canadians: Highlights from the 2004 Canada survey of giving, volunteering and participating , Cat. No. 71-542-XIE , Ottawa , ON : Ministry of Industry .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2009 . Caring Canadians, giving Canadians: Highlights from the 2007 Canada survey of giving, volunteering and participating , Cat. No. 71-542-X . Ottawa , ON : Ministry of Industry .
   Google Scholar
• Stebbins , R.A. 1993 . Social world, lifestyle, and serious leisure: Towards a mesostructural analysis . World Leisure and Recreation , 35 ( 1 ) : 23 – 26 . doi: 10.1080/10261133.1993.10559137
   Google Scholar
• Stebbins , R.A. 1996 . Volunteering: a serious leisure perspective . Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly , 25 ( 2 ) : 211 – 224 . doi: 10.1177/0899764096252005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tidwell , M. 2005 . A social identity model of prosocial behaviors within nonprofit organizations . Nonprofit Management & Leadership , 15 ( 4 ) : 449 – 467 . doi: 10.1002/nml.82
   Google Scholar
• Van Dyne , L. and Farmer , S.M. 2005 . “ It's who I am: Role identity and organizational citizenship behavior of volunteers ” . In Handbook of organizational behavior: A review of ‘good soldier’ activity in organizations , Edited by: Turpinseed , D.L. 177 – 203 . New York , NY : Nova Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar