An inductive investigation of participants’ attachment to charity sports events: the case of team water charity

References

• Andreoni, J. (2006). Leadership giving in charitable fund-raising. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 8(1), 1–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9779.2006.00250.x
   Google Scholar
• Basil, D. Z., Ridgway, N. M., & Basil, M. D. (2008). Guilt and giving: A process model of empathy and efficacy. Psychology & Marketing, 25(1), 1–23. doi: 10.1002/mar.20200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology, 4th ed. (Vol. 2, pp. 282–316). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Blum, D. E., & Thompson, C. (2010, September 6). In second quarter of 2010, big charities struggle to build on recovery. The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Retrieved August 11, 2014, from http://philanthropy.com/article/In-2010-s-Second-Quarter/124239/
   Google Scholar
• Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (2009). Identity theory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, E. D. (1990). Pattern of giving in Black churches. In R. Wuthnow, & V. A. Hodgkinson (Eds.), Faith and philanthropy in America (pp. 232–252). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Charities Aid Foundation. (2011). World giving index 2011: A global view of giving trends. Retrieved September 23, 2014, from https://www.cafonline.org/pdf/World_Giving_Index_2011_191211.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Charities Aid Foundation. (2015). UK giving 2014: An overview of charitable giving in the UK during 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2015, from https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-publications/caf-ukgiving2014
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 366–375. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.34.3.366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coghlan, A., & Filo, K. (2013). Using constant comparison method and qualitative data to understand participants’ experiences at the nexus of tourism, sport and charity events. Tourism Management, 35, 122–131. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2007). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 1–85.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, D. N. (2005). Aid workers or evangelists, charity or conspiracy: Framing of missionary activity as a function of international political alliances. Journal of Media and Religion, 4(1), 13–25. doi: 10.1207/s15328415jmr0401_2
   Google Scholar
• Eikenberry, A. M. (2009). Giving circles: Philanthropy, voluntary association, and democracy. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, R. A. (1994). The making of global citizenship. In B. van Steenbergen (Ed.), The condition of citizenship (pp. 39–50). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Filo, K., Funk, D. C., & O’Brien, D. (2009). The meaning behind attachment: Exploring camaraderie, cause, and competency at a charity sport event. Journal of Sport Management, 23(3), 361–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filo, K., Funk, D. C., & O’Brien, D. (2014). Examining motivation for charity sport event participation: A comparison of recreation-based and charity-based motives. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(4), 491–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filo, K., Groza, M. D., & Fairley, S. (2012). The role of belief in making a difference in enhancing attachment to a charity sport event. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 24(2), 123–140. doi: 10.1080/10495142.2012.679165
   Google Scholar
• Filo, K., Spence, K., & Sparvero, E. (2013). Exploring the properties of community among charity sport event participants. Managing Leisure, 18(3), 194–212. doi: 10.1080/13606719.2013.796179
   Google Scholar
• Fremont-Smith, M. R. (2009). Governing nonprofit organizations: Federal and state law and regulation. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D., Jordan, J., Ridinger, L., & Kaplanidou, K. (2011). Capacity of mass participant sport events for the development of activity commitment and future exercise intention. Leisure Sciences, 33(3), 250–268. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2011.564926
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2006). Consumer loyalty: The meaning of attachment in the development of sport team allegiance. Journal of Sport Management, 20, 189–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., Mahony, D. F., Nakazawa, M., & Hirakawa, S. (2001). Development of the Sports Interest Inventory (SII): Implications for measuring unique consumer motives at sporting events. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 3(3), 38–63. doi: 10.1108/IJSMS-03-03-2001-B005
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., Ridinger, L. L., & Moorman, A. M. (2004). Exploring origins of involvement: Understanding the relationship between consumer motives and involvement with professional sport teams. Leisure Sciences, 26(1), 35–61. doi: 10.1080/01490400490272440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaetner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., & Johnson, G. (1982). Race of victim, nonresponsive bystanders, and helping behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 117, 69–77. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1982.9713409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granzin, K. L., & Olsen, J. E. (1991). Characterizing participants in activities protecting the environment: A focus on donating, recycling, and conservation behaviors. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 10, 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidestar. (2014). Directory of charities and nonprofit organizations: Religion. Retrieved November 13, 2014, from http://www.guidestar.org/nonprofit-directory/religion.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Harris, F. C. (1994). Something within: Religion as a mobilizer of African-American political activism. Journal of Politics, 56, 42–68. doi: 10.2307/2132345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1988). Social identifications. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., Terry, D. J., & White, K. M. (1995). A tale of two theories: A critical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 58, 255–269. doi: 10.2307/2787127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunsberger, B., & Platonow, E. (1986). Religion and helping charitable causes. Journal of Psychology, 120(6), 517–528. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1986.9915483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magill, G. (1992). Theology in business ethics: Appealing to the religious imagination. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 129–135. doi: 10.1007/BF00872320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, M. W. (1994). Virtuous giving: Philanthropy, voluntary service, and caring. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mayotte, J. A. (1998). Religion and global affairs: The role of religion in development. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 18(2), 65–69.
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel, S. W., & Burnett, J. J. (1990). Consumer religiosity and retail store evaluative criteria. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 18, 101–112. doi: 10.1007/BF02726426
   Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K., & Kendall, P. L. (1946). The focused interview. American Journal of Sociology, 51, 541–557. doi: 10.1086/219886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miami Marathon. (2015). Charities: Run for a cause. Retrieved July 24, 2015, from http://www.themiamimarathon.com/charities/
   Google Scholar
• Mokhlis, S. (2009). Relevancy and measurement of religiosity in consumer behavior research. International Business Research, 2(3), 75–84. doi: 10.5539/ibr.v2n3p75
   Google Scholar
• Nickel, P. M., & Eikenberry, A. M. (2009). A critique of the discourse of marketized philanthropy. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(7), 974–989. doi: 10.1177/0002764208327670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Halloran, K. (2010). Charity and religion. In International encyclopedia of civil society (pp. 109–115). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Olivola, C. Y. (2011). When noble means hinder noble ends: The benefits and costs of a preference for martyrdom in altruism. In D. M. Oppenheimer, & C. Y. Olivola (Eds.), The science of giving: Experimental approaches to the study of charity (pp. 49–62). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peloza, J., & Hassay, D. N. (2007). A typology of charity support behaviors: Toward a holistic view of helping. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 17(1–2), 135–151. doi: 10.1300/J054v17n01_07
   Google Scholar
• Rimor, M., & Tobin, G. A. (1990). Jewish giving patterns to Jewish and non-Jewish philanthropy. In R. Wuthnow, & V. A. Hodgkinson (Eds.), Faith and philanthropy in America (pp. 13–64). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Robert, J. (2013). Individualistic philanthropy: The paradox of embodied participation for health-related fund-raising campaigns. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 18(4), 261–274. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.1471
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. J., & Trail, G. T. (2005). Relationships among spectator gender, motives, points of attachment, and sport preference. Journal of Sport Management, 19(1), 58–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. J., Trail, G. T., & Kwon, H. (2004). Motives and points of attachment of professional golf spectators. Sport Management Review, 7(2), 167–192. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70049-2
   Google Scholar
• Roeger, K. L., Blackwood, A. S., & Pettijohn, S. L. (2012). The nonprofit almanac 2012. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schatte, H. (2008). The practices of global citizenship. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, A., & Solomon, P. J. (2003). The marketing of cause-related events: A study of participants as consumers. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 11(2), 43–66. doi: 10.1300/J054v11n02_03
   Google Scholar
• Slack, T. (2014). The social and commercial impact of sport, the role of sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(5), 454–463. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2014.974311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan, L. R. (1989). The motives of sports fans. Sports, Games, and Play: Social and Psychological Viewpoints, 2, 175–240.
   Google Scholar
• Snelgrove, R., & Wood, L. (2010). Attracting and leveraging visitors at a charity cycling event. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15(4), 269–285. doi: 10.1080/14775085.2010.533918
   Google Scholar
• Snelgrove, R., Wood, L., & Havitz, M. E. (2013). Developing personal attachment to a physically active charity event. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 18(2), 133–140. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.1464
   Google Scholar
• Staume, S., & Odeèn, M. (2010). International and domestic altruism: A study among the adult population in Norway. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(3), 618–635. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00590.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stryker, S. (1968). Identity salience and role performance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30, 558–564. doi: 10.2307/349494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
   Google Scholar
• Stryker, S. (1994). Identity theory: Its development, research base, and prospects. Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 16, 9–20.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33(1), 1–39. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Teece, G. (1998). Citizenship education and religious education: Threat or opportunity? Resource. Journal of the Professional Council for RE, 21(1), 7–10.
   Google Scholar
• Toi, M., & Batson, C. D. (1982). More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 281–292. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.43.2.281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T., Anderson, D. F., & Fink, J. (2000). A theoretical model of sport spectator consumption behavior. International Journal of Sport Management, 3, 154–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trail, G. T., Robinson, M. J., Dick, R. J., & Gillentine, A. J. (2003). Motives and points of attachment: Fans versus spectators in intercollegiate athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 217–227.
   Google Scholar
• Uslaner, E. M. (2002). Religion and civic engagement in Canada and the United States. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 239–254. doi: 10.1111/1468-5906.00114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitell, S. J., Paolillo, J. G., & Singh, J. J. (2005). Religiosity and consumer ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 57(2), 175–181. doi: 10.1007/s10551-004-4603-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L. (2006). Examining the potential causal relationship between sport team identification and psychological well-being. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29(1), 79–95.
   Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1995). Influence of identification with a sports team on objective knowledge and subjective beliefs. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 551–567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, P. E., & Walker, I. (1991). Empathy, effectiveness and donations to charity: Social psychology’s contribution. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 325–337. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00949.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wispe, L. G. (1968). Sympathy and empathy. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 15, 441–447.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, L., Snelgrove, R., & Danylchuk, K. (2010). Segmenting volunteer fundraisers at a charity sport event. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 22(1), 38–54. doi: 10.1080/10495140903190408
   Google Scholar
• Woolf, J., Heere, B., & Walker, M. (2013). Do charity sport events function as “brandfests” in the development of brand community? Journal of Sport Management, 27(2), 95–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar