Incentives and deterrents for drug-taking behaviour in elite sports: a holistic and developmental approach

References

• Alaranta, A., Alaranta, H., Holmila, J., Palmu, P., Pietilä, K., & Helenius, I. (2006). Self-reported attitudes of elite athletes towards doping: Differences between type of sport. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(10), 842–846. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-872969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhouse, S. H., & McKenna, J. (2012). Reviewing coaches’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding doping in sport. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 7(1), 167–176. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.7.1.167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhouse, S. H., Patterson, L., & McKenna, J. (2012). Achieving the Olympic ideal: Preventing doping in sport. Performance Enhancement & Health, 1(2), 83–85. doi: 10.1016/j.peh.2012.08.001
   Google Scholar
• Backhouse, S. H., Whitaker, L., Patterson, L., Erickson, K., & McKenna, J. (2016). Social psychology of doping in sport: A mixed-studies narrative synthesis.
   Google Scholar
• Backhouse, S. H., Whitaker, L., & Petróczi, A. (2013). Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Science in Sports, 23(2), 244–252. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01374.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloodworth, A., & McNamee, M. (2010). Clean Olympians? Doping and anti-doping: The views of talented young British athletes. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(4), 276–282. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., & Shibli, S. (2006). A conceptual framework for analysing sports policy factors leading to international sporting success. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(2), 185–215. doi: 10.1080/16184740600955087
   Google Scholar
• de Hon, O. (2016). Striking the right balance: Effectiveness of anti-doping policies (Doctoral dissertation). Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht.
   Google Scholar
• de Hon, O., Kuipers, H., & van Bottenburg, M. (2015). Prevalence of doping use in elite sports: A review of numbers and methods. Sports Medicine, 45(1), 57–69. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0247-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, R. J., Egger, G., Kapernick, V., & Mendoza, J. (2002). A conceptual framework for achieving performance enhancing drug compliance in sport. Sports Medicine, 32(4), 269–284. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200232040-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efverström, A., Ahmadi, N., Hoff, D., & Bäckström, Å. (2016). Anti-doping and legitimacy: An international survey of elite athletes’ perceptions. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 8(3), 491–514. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2016.1170716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbe, A.-M., & Brand, R. (2016). The effect of an ethical decision-making training on young athletes’ attitudes toward doping. Ethics & Behavior, 26(1), 32–44. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2014.976864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbe, A.-M., & Overbye, M. (2014). Urine doping controls: The athletes’ perspective. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 6(2), 227–240. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2013.801361
   Google Scholar
• Elo, S., & Kyngä, H. (2007). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelberg, T., & Skinner, J. (2016). Doping in sport: Whose problem is it? Sport Management Review, 19(1), 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, K., McKenna, J., & Backhouse, S. H. (2015). A qualitative analysis of the factors that protect athletes against doping in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 149–155. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, A., Stephan, Y., & Fouquereau, E. (2006). Assessing reasons for sports career termination: Development of the Athletes’ retirement decision inventory (ARDI). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(4), 407–421. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli, N., & Vealey, R. S. (2008). ‘Bouncing back' from adversity : Athletes’ experiences of resilience. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 316–335. doi: 10.1123/tsp.22.3.316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geyer, H., Parr, M. K., Koehler, K., Mareck, U., Schänzer, W., & Thevis, M. (2008). Nutritional supplements cross-contaminated and faked with doping substances. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 43(7), 892–902. doi: 10.1002/jms.1452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanstad, D. V. (2008). Drug scandal and organizational change within the international Ski federation: A figurational approach. European Sport Management Quarterly, 8(4), 379–398. doi: 10.1080/16184740802461645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanstad, D. V., & Houlihan, B. (2015). Strengthening global anti-doping policy through bilateral collaboration: The example of Norway and China. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(4), 587–604. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2015.1014394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanstad, D. V., Skille, EÅ, & Loland, S. (2010). Harmonization of anti-doping work: Myth or reality? Sport in Society, 13(3), 418–430. doi: 10.1080/17430431003588036
   Google Scholar
• Hauw, D., & Bilard, J. (2011). Situated activity analysis of elite track and field athletes’ use of prohibited performance-enhancing substances. Journal of Substance Use, 17(2), 183–197. doi: 10.3109/14659891.2010.545858
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houlihan, B. (2014). Achieving compliance in international anti-doping policy: An analysis of the 2009 World Anti-Doping Code. Sport Management Review, 17(3), 265–276. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, C., & Sandford, B. (2007). The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 12(10), 1–8. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2070(99)00018-7
   Google Scholar
• Jalleh, G., Donovan, R. J., & Jobling, I. (2014). Predicting attitude towards performance enhancing substance use: A comprehensive test of the Sport Drug Control Model with elite Australian athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(6), 574–579. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.10.249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jedlicka, S. (2014). The normative discourse of anti-doping policy. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 6(3), 429–442. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2012.717098
   Google Scholar
• Jonsen, K., & Jehn, K. A. (2009). Using triangulation to validate themes in qualitative studies. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 4(2), 123–150. doi: 10.1108/17465640910978391
   Google Scholar
• Kayser, B., Mauron, A., & Miah, A. (2007). Current anti-doping policy: A critical appraisal. BMC Medical Ethics, 8(1), 2. doi: 10.1186/1472-6939-8-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirby, K., Moran, A., & Guerin, S. (2011). A qualitative analysis of the experiences of elite athletes who have admitted to doping for performance enhancement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3(2), 205–224. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2011.577081
   Google Scholar
• Kondric, M., Sekulic, D., Petroczi, A., Ostojic, L., Rodek, J., & Ostojic, Z. (2011). Is there a danger for myopia in anti-doping education? Comparative analysis of substance use and misuse in Olympic racket sports calls for a broader approach. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 6(1), 27. doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-6-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laure, P., & Binsinger, C. (2007). Doping prevalence among preadolescent athletes: A 4-year follow-up. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(10), 660–663. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.035733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., Rodafinos, A., & Tzorbatzoudis, H. (2010). Predictors of doping intentions in elite-level athletes: A social cognition approach. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32, 694–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2015). Toward an integrative model of doping use: An empirical study with adolescent athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(1), 37–50. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2013-0232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentillon-Kaestner, V., & Carstairs, C. (2010). Doping use among young elite cyclists: A qualitative psychosociological approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20(2), 336–345. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00885.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Hagger, M. S., & Hardcastle, S. (2012). Health and doping in elite-level cycling. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(5), 596–606. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01281.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucidi, F., Mallia, L., & Zelf, A. (2016). When the ‘how’ may at least matter as much as the ‘what’: The value of qualitative approaches in doping research. In V. Barkoukis, L. Lazarus, & H. Tsorbatzoudis (Eds.), The psychology of doping in sport (pp. 65–77). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Maene, S. (2009). 100 meter tegenslag. Brussel: Lampedaire.
   Google Scholar
• Mazanov, J. (2013). The management of performance-enhancing drugs in high performance sport. In P. Sotiriadou & V. De Bosscher (Eds.), Managing high performance sport (pp. 272–294). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mazanov, J., & Connor, J. M. (2010). Rethinking the management of drugs in sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 2(1), 49–63. doi: 10.1080/19406941003634032
   Google Scholar
• Mazanov, J., Huybers, T., & Connor, J. (2011). Qualitative evidence of a primary intervention point for elite athlete doping. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(2), 106–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meirhaeghe, F., & Demets, F. (2006). Positief. Leuven: Davidsfonds.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, S. (2011). Good governance and anti-doping policy: An international federation view. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3(2), 279–288. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2011.577082
   Google Scholar
• Morente-Sánchez, J., & Zabala, M. (2013). Doping in sport: A review of elite athletes’ attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge. Sports Medicine, 43(6), 395–411. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0037-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. L. (1998). The focus group guidebook. Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=nl&lr=&id=Wkl2AwAAQBAJ&pgis=1
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, P. B. C., Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2015). Understanding team resilience in the world’s best athletes: A case study of a rugby union World Cup winning team. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 91–100. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moston, S., Engelberg, T., & Skinner, J. (2015). Self-fulfilling prophecy and the future of doping. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 201–207. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullet, E., Dej, V., Lemaire, I., Raïff, P., & Barthorpe, J. (2000). Studying, working, and living in another EU country. European Psychologist, 5(3), 216–227. doi: 10.1027//1016-9040.5.3.216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, A. R., Perry, J. L., Levy, A. R., Meir, R., Jones, L., Baghurst, T., … Thompson, M. A. (2014). Coach perceptions of performance enhancement in adolescence: The sport drug control model for adolescent athletes. Performance Enhancement & Health, 3(2), 93–101. doi: 10.1016/j.peh.2015.07.001
   Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y. Y., Barkoukis, V., & Backhouse, S. (2014). Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(11), 1603–1624. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0240-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbye, M., Knudsen, M. L., & Pfister, G. (2013). To dope or not to dope: Elite athletes’ perceptions of doping deterrents and incentives. Performance Enhancement and Health, 2(3), 119–134. doi: 10.1016/j.peh.2013.07.001
   Google Scholar
• Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 42(5), 533–544. doi: 10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reints, A. (2011). Validation of the holistic athletic career model and the identification of variables related to athletic retirement (Doctoral dissertation). Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, J., Engelberg, T., & Moston, S. (2016). The evolution of anti-doping policy: Workplace implications for athletes. In M. Barry, J. Skinner, & T. Engelberg (Eds.), Research handbook of employment relations in sport (pp. 310–332). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, B., & Smith, A. C. T. (2008). Drug use in sport: Implications for public policy. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 32(3), 278–298. doi: 10.1177/0193723508319716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uvacsek, M., Nepusz, T., Naughton, D. P., Mazanov, J., Ránky, M. Z., & Petróczi, A. (2011). Self-admitted behavior and perceived use of performance-enhancing vs psychoactive drugs among competitive athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21(2), 224–234. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01041.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WADA. (2003). World Anti-Doping Code. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_code_2003_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WADA. (2009). World Anti-Doping Code. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_anti-doping_code_2009_en_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WADA. (2015). 2015 Anti-doping testing figures. Retrieved from https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/resources/files/2015_wada_anti-doping_testing_figures_report_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WADA. (2016). 2016 List of prohibited substances and methods. Retrieved from http://list.wada-ama.org
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker, L., Long, J., Petróczi, A., & Backhouse, S. H. (2014). Using the prototype willingness model to predict doping in sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 24(5), e398–e405. doi: 10.1111/sms.12148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wylleman, P., Alfermann, D., & Lavallee, D. (2004). Career transitions in sport: European perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 7–20. doi: 10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00049-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wylleman, P., Reints, A., & De Knop, P. (2013). A developmental and holistic perspective on athletic career development. In P. Sotiriadou & V. De Bosscher (Eds.), Managing high performance sport (pp. 159–182). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wylleman, P., & Rosier, N. (2016). Holistic perspective on the development of elite athletes. In M. Raab, P. Wylleman, R. Seiler, A.-M. Elbe, & A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Eds.), Sport and exercise psychology research: From theory to practice (pp. 270–282). London: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar