Sponsorship and advertising in sport: a study of consumers’ attitude

References

• Alexandris, K., Tsaousi, E., & James, J. (2007). Predicting sponsorship outcomes from attitudinal constructs: The case of a professional basketball event. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 16(3), 130–139.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, J. C. (1989). The dimensionality of beliefs toward advertising in general. Journal of Advertising, 18(1), 26–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, R. A., & Greyser, S. A. (1968). Advertising in America: The consumer view. Boston: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bearden, W. O., Netemeyer, R. G., & Teel, J. E. (1989). Measurement of consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(4), 473–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, G., Ferreira, M., Tsuji, Y., Siders, R., & Cianfrone, B. (2006). Analysing the effects of advertising type and antecedents on attitude towards advertising in sport. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 8(1), 56–75.
   Google Scholar
• Biscaia, R., Correia, A., Rosado, A. F., Ross, D. S., & Maroco, J. (2013). Sport sponsorship: The relationship between team loyalty, sponsorship awareness, attitude toward the sponsor, and purchase intentions. Journal of Sport Management, 27, 288–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biscaia, R., Correia, A., Ross, S. D., & Rosado, A. F. (2014). Sponsorship effectiveness in professional sport: An examination of recall and recognition among football fans. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 16(1), 2–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, K. S. (2003). Attitude toward the online advertising format: A reexamination of the attitude toward the ad model in an online advertising context (unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Florida, Gainesville.
   Google Scholar
• Bush, A. J., Smith, R., & Martin, C. (1999). The influence of consumer socialization variables on attitude toward advertising: A comparison of African-Americans and caucasians. Journal of Advertising, 28(3), 13–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2004). Testing for multigroup invariance using AMOS graphics: A road less traveled. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11(2), 272–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issues of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 456–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, N. (2009). Understanding sponsorship and its measurement implications. Journal of Sponsorship, 2(2), 131–139.
   Google Scholar
• Carrillat, F. A., & d’Astous, A. (2012). The sponsorship-advertising interface: Is less better for sponsors? European Journal of Marketing, 46, 562–574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillat, F. A., & d’Astous, A. (2013). The complementarity factor in the leveraging of sponsorship. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 15(1), 15–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9, 233–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland, R., Frisby, W., & McCarville, R. (1996). Understanding the sport sponsorship process from a corporate perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 10(1), 32–48.
   Google Scholar
• Cornwell, T. B., Weeks, C. S., & Roy, D. P. (2005). Sponsorship-linked marketing: Opening the black box. Journal of Advertising, 34(2), 21–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, S. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Holmgren, H. G., & Stockdale, L. A. (2018). Instagrowth: A longitutidnal growth mixture model of social media time use across adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1111/jora.12424
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crompton, J. L. (2004). Conceptualization and alternate operationalizations of the measurement of sponsorship effectiveness in sport. Leisure Studies, 23, 267–281.
   Google Scholar
• Dean, D. (1999). Brand endorsement, popularity, and event sponsorship as advertising cues affecting consumer pre-purchase attitudes. International Journal of Advertising, 18, 2–12.
   Google Scholar
• Dees, W., Bennett, G., & Villegas, J. (2008). Measuring the effectiveness of sponsorship of an elite intercollegiate football program. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(2), 79–89.
   Google Scholar
• Demir, R., & Söderman, S. (2015). Strategic sponsoring in professional sport: A review and conceptualization. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(3), 271–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhurup, M. (2014). Sport fans and athlete celebrity endorsers: Relationships between celebrity familiarity and endorser-brand fit with brand attitude and brand purchase intentions. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 20(4), 1537–1550.
   Google Scholar
• Easton, S., & Mackie, P. (1998). When football came home: A case history of the sponsorship activity at Euro ‘96. International Journal of Advertising, 17(1), 99–114.
   Google Scholar
• Ellert, G., Schafmeister, G., Mueller, F., Dallwig, S., & Phelan, S. (2014). The influence of alcohol on advertising perception and recall during a sports viewing experience. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(2), 153–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M. (1967). A consideration of beliefs, and their role in attitude measurement. In M. Fishbein (Ed.), Readings in attitude theory and measurement (pp. 257–266). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohs, R., & Reisinger, H. (2014). Sponsorship effects on brand image: The role of exposure and activity involvement. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 1018–1025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwinner, K., & Swanson, S. R. (2003). A model of fan identification: Antecedents and sponsorship outcomes. Journal of Services Marketing, 17(3), 275–294.
   Google Scholar
• Harshaw, C., & Turner, E. (1999). Assessing the recognition of perimeter advertising signage by television viewers of NASCAR Winston cup events. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 8(4), 35–41.
   Google Scholar
• Hoek, J., Gendall, P., Jeffcoat, M., & Orsman, D. (1997). Sponsorship and advertising: A comparison of their effects. Journal of Marketing Communications, 3, 21–32.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, H. S., & Lutz, R. J. (2013). The typicality and accessibility of consumer attitudes toward television advertising: Implications for the measurement of attitudes toward advertising in general. Journal of Advertising, 42(4), 343–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. K., Ko, Y. J., & James, J. (2011). The impact of relationship quality on attitude toward a sponsor. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 26(8), 566–576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney, L., & McDaniel, S. R. (1996). Strategic implications of attitude-toward-the-ad in leveraging event sponsorships. Journal of Sport Management, 10(3), 250–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koenigstorfer, J., & Groeppel-Klein, A. (2012). Implicit and explicit attitudes to sponsors and ambushers. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(5), 477–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, H., Zinkhan, G. M., & Dominick, J. R. (2002). The moderating role of gender and compulsive buying tendencies in the cultivation effects of TV show and TV advertising: A cross cultural study between the United States and South Korea. Media Psychology, 4(1), 77–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lardinoit, T., & Quester, P. G. (2001). Attitudinal effects of combined sponsorship and sponsor’s prominence on basketball in Europe. Journal of Advertising Research, 41(1), 48–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng, H. K., Kuo, T. Y., Baysa-Pee, G., & Tay, J. (2014). Make me proud! Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games and its effect on national pride of young Singaporeans. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(6), 745–760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, A. M., & Dalakas, V. (2005). The balance theory domino: How sponsorship may elicit negative consumer attitudes. Advances in Consumer Research, 32, 91–97.
   Google Scholar
• Lutz, R. J. (1985). Affective and cognitive antecedents of attitude toward the ad: A conceptual framework. In L. F. Alwitt & A. A. Mitchell (Eds.), Psychological processes and advertising effects theory, research, and application (pp. 45–63). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, S. B., & Lutz, R. J. (1989). An empirical examination of the structural antecedents of attitude toward the ad in an advertising pretesting context. Journal of Marketing, 53(2), 48–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrigal, R. (2000). The influence of social alliances with sports teams on intentions to purchase corporate sponsors’ products. Journal of Advertising, 29(4), 13–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra, N. K. (2010). Marketing research: An applied orientation (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Matheson, V. A., & Baade, R. A. (2006). Padding required: Assessing the economic impact of the Super Bowl. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(4), 353–374.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, C. (1991). Sponsorship and the image of the sponsor. European Journal of Marketing, 25(11), 31–38.
   Google Scholar
• Meenaghan, T. (2001a). Sponsorship and advertising: A comparison of consumer perceptions. Psychology & Marketing, 18(2), 191–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meenaghan, T. (2001b). Understanding sponsorship effects. Psychology & Marketing, 18(2), 95–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meenaghan, T., McLoughlin, D., & McCormack, A. (2013). New challenges in sponsorship evaluation actors, new media and the context of praxis. Psychology & Marketing, 30(5), 444–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, A. (2000). Advertising attitudes and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Advertising Research, 40, 67–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milfont, T. L., & Fischer, R. (2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in cross-cultural research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 111–121.
   Google Scholar
• Mittal, B. (1994). Public assessment of TV advertising: Faint praise and harsh criticism. Journal of Advertising Research, 34(1), 35–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan, S., Derevensky, J., & Sklar, A. (2008). Impact of gambling advertisements and marketing on children and adolescents: Policy recommendations to minimise harm. Journal of Gambling Issues, 23, 252–274.
   Google Scholar
• Mullin, B. J., Hardy, S., & Sutton, W. A. (2014). Sport marketing (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetic.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, K. B. (1991). A test of services marketing theory: Consumer information acquisition activities. Journal of Marketing, 55, 10–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, E. L. (2010). Does sponsorship work in the same way in different sponsorship contexts?. European Journal of Marketing, 44(1/2), 180–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parreño, J. M., Sanz-Blas, S., Ruiz-Mafé, C., & Aldás-Manzano, J. (2013). Key factors of teenagers’ mobile advertising acceptance. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 113(5), 732–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, S., Rosenberg, M., Ferguson, R., Houghton, S., & Wood, L. (2013). Game on: Do children absorb sports sponsorship messages? Public Health Nutrition, 16(12), 2197–2204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10(2), 135–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollay, R. W., & Mittal, B. (1993). Here’s the beef: Factors, determinants, and segments in consumer criticism of advertising. Journal of Marketing, 57(3), 99–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popović, S., Jakšić, D., Matić, R., Bjelica, D., & Maksimović, N. (2015). Examining beliefs and attitudes toward advertising through sport among serbian consumers. Studia Sportiva, 9(1), 225–231.
   Google Scholar
• Pyun, D. Y., & James, J. D. (2009). Enhancing advertising communications: Developing a model of beliefs about advertising through sport. International Journal of Sport Communication, 2(1), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Pyun, D. Y., & James, J. D. (2010). A proposed relationship between beliefs about and attitude toward advertising through sport. International Journal of Sport Management, 11(4), 609–627.
   Google Scholar
• Pyun, D. Y., & James, J. D. (2011). Attitude toward advertising through sport: A theoretical framework. Sport Management Review, 14(1), 33–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyun, D. Y., Kwon, H., Chon, T., & Han, J. W. (2012). How does advertising through sport work? Evidence from college students in Singapore. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(1), 43–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifon, N. J., Choi, S. M., Trimble, C. S., & Li, H. (2004). Congruence effects in sponsorship: The mediating role of sponsor credibility and consumer attributions of sponsor motive. Journal of Advertising, 33(1), 30–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, D. P., & Cornwell, T. B. (2004). The effects of consumer knowledge on responses to event sponsorships. Psychology & Marketing, 21(3), 185–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosser, A. E., Shavitt, S., & Kanfer, A. (1999). Survey of internet users’ attitudes toward internet advertising. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 13(3), 34–54.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, E. C., Hunter, J. D., & LaFleur, A. (2013). Advanced theory and practice in sport marketing (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Shavitt, S., Lowrey, P., & Haefner, J. (1998). Public attitude toward advertising: More favorable than you might think. Journal of Advertising Research, 37(4), 325–343.
   Google Scholar
• Singapore Department of Statistics. (2016). Population in brief 2016. Retrieved from https://www.nptd.gov.sg/PORTALS/0/HOMEPAGE/HIGHLIGHTS/population-in-brief-2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sleight, S. (1989). Sponsorship: What it is and how to use it. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, W. A., Irwin, R. I., & McGladden, J. M. (1998). Tools of the trade: Practical research methods for events, teams and venues. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 7(2), 45–49.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, S. J., & Chia, L. (2007). Are we measuring the same attitude? Understanding media effects on attitude towards advertising. Marketing Theory, 7, 353–377.
   Google Scholar
• Till, B., & Busler, M. (2000). The match-up hypothesis: Physical attractiveness, expertise, and the role of fit on brand attitude, purchase intent and brand beliefs. Journal of Advertising, 29(3), 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhrich, S., Koenigstorfe, J., & Groeppel-Klein, A. (2014). Leveraging sponsorship with corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Research, 67(9), 2023–2029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield, K. L., Becker-Olsen, K., & Cornwell, T. B. (2007). I spy a sponsor: The effects of sponsorship level, prominence, relatedness, and cueing on recall accuracy. Journal of Advertising, 36(4), 61–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, C., McCarthy, J., & Rowley, J. (2013). Consumer attitudes towards mobile marketing in the smart phone era. International Journal of Information Management, 33(5), 840–849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, W. D., Moriarty, S., & Burnett, J. (2005). Advertising principles and practice (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar