References
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall.
- Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Theory research and applications (pp. 71–129). Lawrence Erlbauw Associates.
- Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3
- Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101–119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022014322
- Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. Worth Publishers.
- Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364–374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
- Berendt, J., & Uhrich, S. (2018). Rivalry and fan aggression: Why acknowledging conflict reduces tension between rival fans and downplaying makes things worse. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(4), 517–540. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2018.1424226
- Boardley, I., Grix, J., & Harkin, J. (2015). Doping in team and individual sports: A qualitative investigation of moral disengagement and associated processes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 7(5), 698–717. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2014.992039
- Boardley, I., & Kavussanu, M. (2007). Development and validation of the moral disengagement in sport scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(5), 608–628. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.5.608
- Boardley, I., & Kavussanu, M. (2010). Effects of goal orientation and perceived value of toughness on antisocial behavior in soccer: The mediating role of moral disengagement. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(2), 176–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.2.176
- Boardley, I., & Kavussanu, M. (2011). Moral disengagement in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(2), 93–108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.570361
- Boardley, I., Matosic, D., & Bruner, M. (2020). A longitudinal examination of the relations between moral disengagement and antisocial behavior in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 42(2), 123–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0127
- Carroll, A. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G
- Constandt, B. (2019). Ethics management in football clubs [Doctoral dissertation]. Ghent University’s Academic Bibliography. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8615197
- Constandt, B., De Waegeneer, E., & Willem, A. (2019). Ethical code effectiveness in football clubs: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(3), 621–634. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3552-0
- Constandt, B., Parent, M., & Willem, A. (2020). Does it really matter? A study on soccer fans’ perceptions of ethical leadership and their role as ‘stakeowners’. Sport Management Review, 23(3), 374–386. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.003
- Constandt, B., & Willem, A. (2019). The trickle-down effect of ethical leadership in nonprofit soccer clubs. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 29(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21333
- Corrion, K., Long, T., Smith, A., & d'Arripe-Longueville, F. (2009). ‘It’s not my fault; it’s not serious’: Athlete accounts of moral disengagement in competitive sport. The Sport Psychologist, 23(3), 388–404. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.3.388
- Detert, J., Treviño, L., & Swetizer, V. (2008). Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 374–391. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.374
- Dowling, M., Edwards, J., & Washington, M. (2014). Understanding the concept of professionalization in sport management research. Sport Management Review, 17(4), 520–529. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.003
- Elbe, A., & Brand, R. (2016). The effect of an ethical decision-making training on young athletes’ attitudes toward doping. Ethics & Behavior, 26(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2014.976864
- Engelberg, T., Moston, S., & Skinner, J. (2015). The final frontier of anti-doping: A study of athletes who have committed doping violations. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.005
- Faulkner, N., & Bliuc, A. (2016). ‘It’s okay to be racist’: Moral disengagement in online discussions of racist incidents in Australia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(14), 2545–2563. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1171370
- Feddersen, N., Morris, R., Littlewood, M., & Richardson, D. (2020). The emergence and perpetuation of a destructive culture in an elite sport in the United Kingdom. Sport in Society, 23(6), 1004–1022. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2019.1680639
- Gardiner, S., Parry, J., & Robinson, S. (2017). Integrity and the corruption debate in sport: Where is the integrity? European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1259246
- Harvey, A., & McNamee, M. (2019). Sport integrity: Ethics, policy and practice: An introduction. Journal of Global Sport Management, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2018.1542606
- Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4
- Heinze, K., & Lu, D. (2017). Shifting responses to institutional change: The national football league and player concussions. Journal of Sport Management, 31(5), 497–513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0309
- Hoberman, J. (1992). Mortal engines: The science of performance and the dehumanization of sport. Free Press.
- Hoekstra, A., & Kaptein, M. (2020). The integrity of integrity programs: Toward a normative framework. Public Integrity, 23(4), 129–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2020.1776077
- Kavussanu, M., Boardley, I., Sagar, S., & Ring, C. (2013). Bracketed morality revisited: How do athletes behave in two contexts? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(5), 449–463. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.5.449
- Kavussanu, M., Yukhymenko-Lescroart, M., Elbec, A., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2020). Integrating moral and achievement variables to predict doping likelihood in football: A cross-cultural investigation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 101–518. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.04.008
- Kennedy, J., Kray, L., & Ku, G. (2017). A social-cognitive approach to understanding gender differences in negotiator ethics: The role of moral identity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 138, 28–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.11.003
- Kihl, L. (2019). Individual-level explanations of corruption within an intercollegiate context. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 12(1), 43–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17161/jis.v12i1.11560
- Kihl, L. (2020). Sport integrity systems: A proposed framework. In D. Shilbury & L. Ferkins (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of sport governance (pp. 395–409). Routledge.
- Kihl, L., Skinner, J., & Engelberg, T. (2017). Corruption in sport: Understanding the complexity of corruption. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1257553
- Kroshus, E. (2019). College athletes, pluralistic ignorance and bystander behaviors to prevent sexual assault. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(2), 330–344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0039
- Lock, D., & Heere, B. (2017). Identity crisis: A theoretical analysis of ‘team identification’ research. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 413–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1306872
- Loyens, K., Claringbould, I., Heres, L., & van Eekeren, F. (2021). The social construction of integrity: A qualitative case study in Dutch football. Sport in Society. 1–20. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1877661
- Mackay, D., Russell, E., Stewart, K., Maclean, J., Pell, J., & Stewart, W. (2019). Neurodegenerative disease mortality among former professional soccer players. The New England Journal of Medicine, 381(19), 1801–1808. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1908483
- Maesschalck, J., & Bertok, J. (2009). Towards a sound integrity framework: Instruments, processes, structures and conditions for implementation. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development.
- Maesschalck, J., & Vanden Auweele, Y. (2010). Integrity management in sport. Journal of Community and Health Sciences, 5(1), 1–9. http://jchs.epubs.ac.za/index.php/jchs/article/view/49#.YNE84RMzbRZ
- Manoli, A., Bandura, C., & Downward, P. (2020). Perceptions of integrity in sport: Insights into people’s relationship with sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 12(2), 207–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1747101
- Masters, A. (2015). Corruption in sport: From the playing field to the field of policy. Policy and Society, 34(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.04.002
- Matosic, D., Ntoumanis, N., Boardley, I., & Sedikides, C. (2020). Narcissism, beliefs about controlling interpersonal style, and moral disengagement in sport coaches. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(5), 592–606. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2018.1549580
- Moore, C., Mayer, D., Chiang, F., Crossley, C., Karlesky, M., & Birtch, T. (2019). Leaders matter morally: The role of ethical leadership in shaping employee moral cognition and misconduct. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(1), 123–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000341
- Moriconi, M., & de Cima, C. (2020). Betting practices among players in Portuguese championships: From cultural to illegal behaviors. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(1), 161–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09880-x
- Mullen, E., & Nadler, J. (2008). Moral spillovers: The effect of moral violations on deviant behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(5), 1239–1245. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.001
- Newman, A., Le, H., North-Samardzic, A., & Cohen, M. (2020). Moral disengagement at work: A review and research agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 167(3), 535–570. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04173-0
- Probert, A., & Leberman, S. (2009). The value of the dark side: An insight into the risks and benefits of engaging in health compromising practices from the perspective of competitive bodybuilders. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(4), 353–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740903331838
- Read, D., Skinner, J., Lock, D., & Houlihan, B. (2019). Legitimacy driven change at the World Anti-Doping agency. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 11(2), 233–245. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1544580
- Reynolds, S. (2008). Moral attentiveness: Who pays attention to the moral aspects of life? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1027–1041. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1027
- Schofield, E., Rhind, D., & Blair, R. (2018). Human rights and sports mega-events: The role of moral disengagement in spectators. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723517730813
- Shields, D., & Bredemeier, B. (1995). Character development and physical activity. Human Kinetics.
- Shields, D., Funk, C., & Bredemeier, B. (2015). Predictors of moral disengagement in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(6), 646–658. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0110
- Spaaij, R., & Shaillée, H. (2019). Unsanctioned aggression and violence in amateur sport: A multidisciplinary synthesis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 44, 36–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.11.007
- Sport Integrity Australia. (n.d.). National integrity framework. https://www.sportintegrity.gov.au/what-we-do/national-integrity-framework
- Stanger, N., Backhouse, S., Jennings, A., & McKenna, J. (2018). Linking motivational climate with moral behavior in youth sport: The role of social support, perspective taking, and moral disengagement. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(4), 392–407. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000122
- Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245
- Tak, M. (2018). Too big to jail: Match-fixing, institutional failure and the shifting of responsibility. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53(7), 788–806. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216682950
- Traclet, A., Moret, O., Ohl, F., & Clémence, A. (2015). Moral disengagement in the legitimation and realization of aggressive behavior in soccer and ice hockey. Aggressive Behavior, 41(2), 123–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21561
- Tyler, B. D., & Cobbs, J. (2015). Rival conceptions of rivalry: Why some competitions mean more than others. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(2), 227–248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1010558
- van de Pol, P., Kavussanu, M., & Claessens, B. (2020). Moral functioning across training and competition in sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(2), 239–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2018.1511623
- Vanden Auweele, Y. (2011). Implementation of panathlon declaration on ethics in youth sport and ‘integrity plans’. In A. Aledda & M. Monego (Eds.), The primacy of ethics. Also in sports? (pp. 63–73). Franco Angeli.
- Verschuuren, P. (2020). Whistleblowing determinants and the effectiveness of reporting channels in the international sports sector. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 142–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.002
- Zakus, D., Malloy, D., & Edwards, A. (2007). Critical and ethical thinking in sport management: Philosophical rationales and examples of methods. Sport Management Review, 10(2), 133–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70008-6