833
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Product meanings and consumer behavior in sport entertainment: the case of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)

, &
Pages 983-1003 | Received 15 Jan 2021, Accepted 28 Jun 2021, Published online: 10 Jul 2021

References

  • Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2010). Social identity and self-categorization. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Esses (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 179–193). SAGE.
  • Ahuvia, A. C. (2005). Beyond the extended self: Loved objects and consumers’ identity narratives. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(June), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1086/429607
  • Apostolopoulou, A., & Papadimitriou, D. (2018). Examining the meanings and consumption of sport licensed products through team identification. Journal of Brand Management, 25(6), 536–548. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-018-0102-8
  • Apostolopoulou, A., Papadimitriou, D., & Damtsiou, V. (2010). Meanings and functions in Olympic consumption: A study of the Athens 2004 Olympic licensed products. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(4), 485–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2010.502746
  • Apostolopoulou, A., Papadimitriou, D., Synowka, D., & Clark, J. (2012). Consumption and meanings of team licensed merchandise. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 12(1/2), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2012.051266
  • Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15(2), 139–168. https://doi.org/10.1086/209154
  • Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.34.3.366
  • Colucci, M., Montaguti, E., & Lago, U. (2008). Managing brand extension via licensing: An investigation into the high-end fashion industry. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 25(2), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2008.01.002
  • Decrop, A., & Masset, J. (2014). “This is a piece of coral received from captain Bob”: Meanings and functions of tourist souvenirs. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-08-2013-0051
  • Dittmar, H. (1991). Meanings of material possessions as reflections of identity: Gender and social-material position in society. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 6(6), 165–186.
  • Elliott, R., & Wattanasuwan, K. (1998). Brands as symbolic resources for the construction of identity. International Journal of Advertising, 17(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.1998.11104712
  • Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2005). Self-construal, reference groups, and brand meaning. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(December), 378–389. https://doi.org/10.1086/497549
  • Ferraro, R., Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2011). Our possessions, our selves: Domains of self-worth and the possession-self link. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2010.08.007
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurements errors. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Funk, D. C., Filo, K., Beaton, A. A., & Pritchard, M. (2009). Measuring the motives of sport event attendance: Bridging the academic-practitioner divide to understanding behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 18(3), 126–138.
  • Gladden, J. M., & Funk, D. C. (2002). Developing an understanding of brand associations in team sport: Empirical evidence from consumers of professional sport. Journal of Sport Management, 16(1), 54–81. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16.1.54
  • Grubb, E. L., & Grathwohl, H. L. (1967). Consumer self-concept, symbolism and market behavior: A theoretical approach. Journal of Marketing, 31(October), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224296703100405
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  • Harman, H. H. (1967). Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago Press.
  • Heere, B., Walker, M., Yoshida, M., Ko, Y. J., Jordan, J. S., & James, J. D. (2011). Brand community development through associated communities: Grounding community measurements within social identity theory. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(4), 407–422. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190404
  • Heggestad, E. D., Scheaf, D. J., Banks, G. C., Monroe Hausfeld M., Tonidandel, S., & Williams, E. B. (2019). Scale adaptation in organizational science research: A review and best-practice recommendations. Journal of Management, 45(6), 2596–2627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319850280
  • Henry, B. H., Arrow, H., & Carini, B. (1999). A tripartite model of group identification: Theory and measurement. Small Group Research, 30(5), 558–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649649903000504
  • Hirschman, E. C., & LaBarbera, P. A. (1990). Dimensions of possession importance. Psychology and Marketing, 7(3), 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220070306
  • Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791606
  • Holt, D. B. (1995). How consumers consume: A typology of consumption practices. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1086/209431
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
  • Karana, E. (2010). How do materials obtain their meanings? METU Journal of Faculty of Architecture, 27(2), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.4305/METU.JFA.2010.2.15
  • Karanika, K., & Hogg, M. K. (2013). Trajectories across the lifespan of possession-self relationships. Journal of Business Research, 66(7), 910–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.12.010
  • Keller, K. L. (2013). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity (4th ed.). Pearson.
  • Kim, M. S., & James, J. (2016). The theory of planned behaviour and intention of purchase sport team licensed merchandise. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 6(2), 228–243. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-02-2014-0005
  • Kline, P. (2002). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge.
  • Kolbe, R. H., & James, J. D. (2000). An identification and examination of influences that shape the creation of a professional team fan. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2((February/March), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-02-01-2000-B003
  • Koll, O., von Wallpach, S., & Kreuzer, M. (2010). Multi-method research on consumer-brand associations: Comparing free associations, storytelling, and collages. Psychology & Marketing, 27(6), 584–602. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20346
  • Kwak, D. H., & Kang, J. (2009). Symbolic purchase in sport: The roles of self-image congruence and perceived quality. Management Decision, 47(1), 85–99.
  • Kwon, H. H., & Armstrong, K. L. (2006). Impulse purchase of sport team licensed merchandise: What matters? Journal of Sport Management, 20(1), 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.1.101
  • Kwon, H. H., Kim, H., & Mondello, M. (2008). Does a manufacturer matter in co-branding? The influence of a manufacturer brand on sport team licensed apparel. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17(3), 163–172.
  • Kwon, H. H., Trail, G., & James, J. D. (2007). The mediating role of perceived value: Team identification and purchase intention of team-licensed apparel. Journal of Sport Management, 21(4), 540–554. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.21.4.540
  • Kwon, H., Trail, G. T., & Anderson, D. F. (2006). Points of attachment (identification) and licensed merchandise consumption among American college students. International Journal of Sport Management, 7(3), 347–360.
  • Kwon, Y., & Kwak, D. H. (2014). Revisiting the team identification-value-purchase relationship in the team-licensed merchandise consumption context: A multidimensional consumer value approach. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 23(2), 100–114.
  • Levy, S. J. (1959). Symbols for sale. Harvard Business Review, 37(4), 117–124.
  • Licensing International. (2020, June 8). Sales of licensed goods and services up 4.5 percent. https://www.licenseglobal.com/industry-news/sales-licensed-goods-and-services-45-percent
  • Licensing International. (n.d.). What is licensing: Basics and background. https://licensinginternational.org/what-is-licensing/
  • Ligas, M. (2000). People, products, and pursuits: Exploring the relationship between consumer goals and product meanings. Psychology and Marketing, 17(11), 983–1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6793(200011)17:11<983::AID-MAR4>3.0.CO;2-J
  • MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2012.08.001
  • Muniz, A. M., & O’Guinn, T. C. (2001). Brand community. Journal of Consumer Research, 27(March), 412–432. https://doi.org/10.1086/319618
  • Nöth, W. (1988). The language of commodities groundwork for a semiotics of consumer goods. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 4(December), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(88)80003-X
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(November), 460–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378001700405
  • Papadimitriou, D., & Apostolopoulou, A. (2018). Capturing the meanings of sport licensed products. Journal of Marketing Communications, 24(5), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2015.1065900
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(January), 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
  • Reed, A., Forehand, M. R., Puntoni, S., & Warlop, L. (2012). Identity-based consumer behavior. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.08.002
  • Richins, M. L. (1994). Valuing things: The public and private meanings of possessions. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(December), 504–521. https://doi.org/10.1086/209414
  • Richins, M. L. (1997). Measuring emotions in the consumption experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(September), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1086/209499
  • Roggeveen, A. L., Grewal, D., Karsberg, J., Noble, S. M., Nordfält, J., Patrick, V. M., Schweiger, E., Soysal, G., Dillard, A., Cooper, N., & Olson, R. (2021). Forging meaningful consumer-brand relationships through creative merchandise offerings and innovative merchandising strategies. Journal of Retailing, 97(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2020.11.006
  • Schembri, S., Merrilees, B., & Kristiansen, S. (2010). Brand consumption and narrative of the self. Psychology & Marketing, 27(6), 623–637. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20348
  • Shrum, L. J., Wong, N., Arif, F., Chugani, S. K., Gunz, A., Lowrey, T. M., Nairn, A., Pandelaere, M., Ross, S. M., Ruvio, A., Scott, K., & Sundie, J. (2013). Reconceptualizing materialism as identity goal pursuits: Functions, processes, and consequences. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 1179–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.08.010
  • Sivadas, E., & Venkatesh, R. (1995). An examination of individual and object-specific influences on the extended self and its relation to attachment and satisfaction. Advances in Consumer Research, 22(1), 406–412.
  • Sutton, W. A., McDonald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Cimperman, J. (1997). Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6(1), 15–22.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2000). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relation (pp. 7–24). Hall Publishers.
  • Thomas, W. E., Brown, R., Easterbrook, M. J., Vignoles, V. L., Manzi, C., D’Angelo, C., & Holt, J. J. (2017). Social identification in sports teams: The role of personal, social, and collective identity motives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(4), 508–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216689051
  • Thompson, C. J., & Troester, M. (2002). Consumer value systems in the age of postmodern fragmentation: The case of the natural health microculture. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(4), 550–571. https://doi.org/10.1086/338213
  • Vignoles, V. L., Golledge, J., Regalia, C., Manzi, C., & Scabini, E. (2006). Beyond self-esteem: Influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 308–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.308
  • Wallendorf, M., & Arnould, E. J. (1988). ‘My favorite things’: A cross-cultural inquiry into object attachment, possessiveness, and social linkage. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(4), 531–547. https://doi.org/10.1086/209134
  • Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sports fans: Measuring degree of identification with their team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24(1), 1–17.
  • Woodside, A. G. (2006). Overcoming the illusion of will and self-fabrication: Going beyond naïve subjective personal introspection to an unconscious/conscious theory of behavior explanation. Psychology and Marketing, 23(3), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20099
  • WWE. (2019). WWE 2019 Annual Report. https://corporate.wwe.com/~/media/Files/W/WWE/annual-reports/2019.pdf
  • WWE. (2021). WWE® reports record 2020 results and 2021 business outlook. https://corporate.wwe.com/~/media/Files/W/WWE/press-releases/2021/4q20-earnings-pr.pdf
  • WWE. (n.d.). Who we are: Company overview. https://corporate.wwe.com/who-we-are/company-overview
  • Yim, B. H., & Byon, K. K. (2018). The influence of emotions on game and service satisfaction and behavioral intention in winning and losing situations: Moderating effect of identification with the team. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 27(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.272.062018.03
  • Young, J. (2021). WWE is fully converted to Peacock, now it wants to make more content. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/08/wwe-is-fully-converted-to-peacock-now-it-wants-to-make-more-content.html
  • Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299606000203

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.