The digital transformation of value co-creation: a scoping review towards an agenda for sport marketing research

References

• References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the systematic scoping review.
   Google Scholar
• *Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., Seguin, B., & Nzindukiyimana, O. (2017a). Social media as a relationship marketing tool in professional sport: A netnographical exploration. International Journal of Sport Communication, 10(3), 325–358. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2017-0041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., Séguin, B., & Nzindukiyimana, O. (2017b). The world’s highest-paid athletes, product endorsement, and Twitter. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 7(3), 332–355. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-08-2016-0040
   Google Scholar
• *Achen, R. M. (2019). Re-examining a model for measuring Facebook interaction and relationship quality. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 9(3), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2018-0082
   Google Scholar
• Aguirre, E., Roggeveen, A. L., Grewal, D., & Wetzels, M. (2016). The personalization-privacy paradox: Implications for new media. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 33(2), 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-06-2015-1458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Aksoy, N. C., Alan, A. K., Kabadayi, E. T., & Aksoy, A. (2020). Individuals’ intention to use sports wearables: The moderating role of technophobia. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 21(2), 225–245. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-08-2019-0083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allmer, T., Sevignani, S., & Prodnik, J. A. (2015). Mapping approaches to user participation and digital labour: A critical perspective. In E. Fisher & C. Fuchs (Eds.), Reconsidering value and labour in the digital age (pp. 153–171). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• *Anagnostopoulos, C., Parganas, P., Chadwick, S., & Fenton, A. (2018). Branding in pictures: Using Instagram as a brand management tool in professional team sport organisations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(4), 413–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1410202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
   Google Scholar
• *Baena, V. (2016). Online and mobile marketing strategies as drivers of brand love in sports teams. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 17(3), 202–218. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-08-2016-015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, M., Davidson, E., Prabhu, J., & Vargo, S. L. (2015). Service innovation in the digital age. MIS Quarterly, 39(1), 135–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belk, R. W., & Kozinets, R. V. (2005). Videography in marketing and consumer research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 8(2), 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750510592418
   Google Scholar
• *Bertschy, M., Mühlbacher, H., & Desbordes, M. (2020). Esports extension of a football brand: Stakeholder co-creation in action? European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1689281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boczkowski, P. J., Mitchelstein, E., & Matassi, M. (2018). ‘News comes across when I’m in a moment of leisure’: Understanding the practices of incidental news consumption on social media. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3523–3539. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817750396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boorstin, J. (14 July 2019). NBA and NFL commissioners tell how they’re turning to technology to draw in fans. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/
   Google Scholar
• *Borges, F. (2019). Soccer clubs as media organizations: A case study of Benfica TV and PSG TV. International Journal of Sport Communication, 12(2), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2019-0001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breidbach, C. F., Brodie, R., & Hollebeek, L. (2014). Beyond virtuality: From engagement platforms to engagement ecosystems. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 24(6), 592–611. https://doi.org/10.1108/MSQ-08-2013-0158
   Google Scholar
• Breidbach, C. F., Choi, S., Ellway, B., Keating, B. W., Kormusheva, K., Kowalkowski, C., Lim, C., & Maglio, P. (2018). Operating without operations: How is technology changing the role of the firm? Journal of Service Management, 29(5), 809–833. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2018-0127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie, R. J., Benson-Rea, M., & Medlin, C. J. (2017). Branding as a dynamic capability: Strategic advantage from integrating meanings with identification. Marketing Theory, 17(2), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593116679871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubaker, R. (2020). Digital hyperconnectivity and the self. Theory and Society, 49(5–6), 771–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-020-09405-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Burroughs, B., Rugg, A., Becker, D., & Edgmon, M. (2021). # VegasStrong: Sport, public memorialization, and the Golden Knights. Communication & Sport, 9(1), 110–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519855085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Burton, N., & McClean, C. (2020). Exploring newsjacking as social media–based ambush marketing. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-12-2019-0116
   Google Scholar
• Buser, M., Woratschek, H., & Schönberner, J. (2020). ‘Going the extra mile’ in resource integration: Evolving a concept of sport sponsorship as an engagement platform. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–21. Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1820061
   Google Scholar
• Busser, J. A., & Shulga, L. V. (2018). Co-created value: Multidimensional scale and nomological network. Tourism Management, 65, 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, J., & Vargo, S. L. (2011). Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchange. Marketing Theory, 11(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593110393713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chang, Y. (2019). Spectators’ emotional responses in tweets during the super bowl 50 game. Sport Management Review, 22(3), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chan-Olmsted, S., & Xiao, M. (2019). Smart sports fans: Factors influencing sport consumption on smartphones. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 28(4), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.32731/SMQ.284.122019.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J., Tian, Z., Cui, X., Yin, L., & Wang, X. (2019). Trust architecture and reputation evaluation for internet of things. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 10(8), 3099–3107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-018-0887-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chiu, W., & Choi, H. (2018). Consumers’ goal-directed behavior of purchasing sportswear products online. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 8(2), 118–133. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-03-2017-0020
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., & McDonald, R. (2015). What is disruptive innovation? Harvard Business Review, 93(12), 44–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Collins, D. R., Heere, B., Shapiro, S., Ridinger, L., & Wear, H. (2016). The displaced fan: The importance of new media and community identification for maintaining team identity with your hometown team. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(5), 655–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1200643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranmer, S. J., & Desmarais, B. A. (2011). Inferential network analysis with exponential random graph models. Political Analysis, 19(1), 66–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cunningham, G. B., Fairley, S., Ferkins, L., Kerwin, S., Lock, D., Shaw, S., & Wicker, P. (2018). Esport: Construct specifications and implications for sport management. Sport Management Review, 21(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cunningham, N. R., & Eastin, M. S. (2017). Second screen and sports: A structural investigation into team identification and efficacy. Communication & Sport, 5(3), 288–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479515610152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Delia, E. B. (2017). A digital ethnography of fan reaction to sponsorship termination. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(3), 392–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1276208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, T., Kanthawala, S., Meng, J., Peng, W., Kononova, A., Hao, Q., & David, P. (2019). Measuring smartphone usage and task switching with log tracking and self-reports. Mobile Media & Communication, 7(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918761491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Doyle, J. P., Su, Y., & Kunkel, T. (2020). Athlete branding via social media: Examining the factors influencing consumer engagement on Instagram. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–21. Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1806897
   Google Scholar
• *Drayer, J., Dwyer, B., & Shapiro, S. L. (2019). Fantasy millionaires: Identifying at-risk consumers based on motivation. Journal of Sport Management, 33(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dwyer, B., Lupinek, J. M., & Achen, R. M. (2018). Challenge accepted: Why women play fantasy football. Journal of Sport Management, 32(4), 376–388. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erevelles, S., Fukawa, N., & Swayne, L. (2016). Big data consumer analytics and the transformation of marketing. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Feder, L. (2020). From ESPN to Instagram LIVE: The evolution of fan–athlete interaction amid the Coronavirus. International Journal of Sport Communication, 13(3), 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehrer, J. A., Woratschek, H., & Brodie, R. J. (2018). A systemic logic for platform business models. Journal of Service Management, 29(4), 546–568. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-02-2017-0036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehrer, J. A., Woratschek, H., Germelmann, C. C., & Brodie, R. J. (2018). Dynamics and drivers of customer engagement: Within the dyad and beyond. Journal of Service Management, 29(3), 443–467. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-08-2016-0236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Finn, M. (2021). From accelerated advertising to fanboost: Mediatized motorsport. Sport in Society, 24(6), 937–953. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2019.1710131
   Google Scholar
• Foehr, J., & Germelmann, C. C. (2020). Alexa, can I trust you? Exploring consumer paths to trust in smart voice-interaction technologies. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 5(2), 181–205. https://doi.org/10.1086/707731
   Google Scholar
• *Geurin, A. N., & Burch, L. M. (2017). User-generated branding via social media: An examination of six running brands. Sport Management Review, 20(3), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Geurin, A. N., & McNary, E. L. (2021). Athletes as ambush marketers? An examination of rule 40 and athletes’ social media use during the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(1), 116–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1725091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Geurin-Eagleman, A. N., & Burch, L. M. (2016). Communicating via photographs: A gendered analysis of Olympic athletes’ visual self-presentation on Instagram. Sport Management Review, 19(2), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerke, A., Woratschek, H., & Dickson, G. (2020a). How is value co-created in a sport business-to-business context? Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 10(4), 403–430. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-04-2019-0032
   Google Scholar
• Gerke, A., Woratschek, H., & Dickson, G. (2020b). The sport cluster concept as middle-range theory for the sport value framework. Sport Management Review, 23(2), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Gillooly, L., Anagnostopoulos, C., & Chadwick, S. (2017). Social media-based sponsorship activation – a typology of content. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 7(3), 293–314. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-04-2016-0016
   Google Scholar
• *Goebert, C., & Greenhalgh, G. P. (2020). A new reality: Fan perceptions of augmented reality readiness in sport marketing. Computers in Human Behavior, 106, 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfarb, A., & Tucker, C. E. (2011). Privacy regulation and online advertising. Management Science, 57(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P. E., & Srinivasan, V. (1978). Conjoint analysis in consumer research: Issues and outlook. Journal of Consumer Research, 5(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1086/208721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohs, R., Wieser, V. E., & Pristach, M. (2020). Value cocreation at sport events. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(1), 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1702708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Habenstein, D., Kirchhoff, K., & Schlesinger, T. (2021). Club fan shop or not? A conjoint analysis of online jersey purchase behavior. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 11(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2019-0102
   Google Scholar
• *Hayes, M., Filo, K., Geurin, A., & Riot, C. (2020). An exploration of the distractions inherent to social media use among athletes. Sport Management Review, 23(5), 852–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinings, B., Gegenhuber, T., & Greenwood, R. (2018). Digital innovation and transformation: An institutional perspective. Information and Organization, 28(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2018.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmqvist, J., Guest, D., & Grönroos, C. (2015). The role of psychological distance in value creation. Management Decision, 53(7), 1430–1451. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-06-2014-0335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Horbel, C., Buck, C., Diel, S., Reith, R., & Walter, Y. (2021). Stadium visitors’ smartphone usage and digital resource integration. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 11(1), 10–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2019-0099
   Google Scholar
• Horbel, C., Popp, B., Woratschek, H., & Wilson, B. (2016). How contexts shapes value co-creation: Spectator experience of sport events. The Service Industrial Journal, 36(11–12), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2016.1255730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hwang, G., Kihl, L. A., & Inoue, Y. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and college sports fans’ online donations. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 21(4), 597–616. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-07-2019-0079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hwang, H., Yang, H., Williams, A. S., & Pedersen, P. M. (2020). A gratification model of sport team mobile application usage. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(3), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.32731/SMQ.293.092020.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, Y., Berg, B. K., & Chelladurai, P. (2015). Spectator sport and population health: A scoping study. Journal of Sport Management, 29(6), 705–725. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSM.2014-0283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Jang, W., Byon, K. K., BakerIIIT. A., & Tsuji, Y. (2021). Mediating effect of esports content live streaming in the relationship between esports recreational gameplay and esports event broadcast. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 11(1), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2019-0087
   Google Scholar
• *Jang, W., Kwak, D. H., & Ko, Y. J. (2019). Vitalizing effect of athlete-drafting task in fantasy sports: The role of competitive goal-framing, involvement, and competitiveness trait. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(4), 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1618889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Karg, A., McDonald, H., & Leckie, C. (2019). Channel preferences among sport consumers: Profiling media-dominant consumers. Journal of Sport Management, 33(4), 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kaushik, K., Mishra, A., & Dey, S. (2020). ‘The tweeting sponsor’: Effect of a sponsor’s SNS message articulation/interactivity on consumers’ online response. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1776748
   Google Scholar
• *Kautz, F., Schaffrath, M., & Gang, A. C. (2020). Identifying the different approaches in use of social media outlets: A case study of German professional sport teams. International Journal of Sport Communication, 13(2), 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating, C. (2018). Over the top or over the heads of sports broadcasting: Sports and entertainment content licensing and distribution in a new era. Sports Lawyers Journal, 25, 177–198.
   Google Scholar
• *Kim, H. S., & Kim, M. (2020). Viewing sports online together? Psychological consequences on social live streaming service usage. Sport Management Review, 23(5), 869–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K., Byon, K. K., & Baek, W. (2020). Customer-to-customer value co-creation and co-destruction in sporting events. The Service Industries Journal, 40(9-10), 633–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1586887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kim, T., & Chiu, W. (2019). Consumer acceptance of sports wearable technology: The role of technology readiness. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 20(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-06-2017-0050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kitchin, P. J., Paramio-Salcines, J. L., & Walters, G. (2020). Managing organizational reputation in response to a public shaming campaign. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The field behind the screen: Using netnography for marketing research in online communities. Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kunz, R. E., & Santomier, J. P. (2019). Sport content and virtual reality technology acceptance. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 10(1), 83–103. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-11-2018-0095
   Google Scholar
• *Larkin, B., & Fink, J. S. (2016). Fantasy sport. FoMO, and Traditional Fandom: How Second-Screen use of Social Media Allows Fans to Accommodate Multiple Identities. Journal of Sport Management, 30(6), 643–655. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0344
   Google Scholar
• *Larkin, B., Dwyer, B., & Goebert, C. (2020). Man or machine: Fantasy football and dehumanization of professional athletes. Journal of Sport Management, 1(aop), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0106
   Google Scholar
• *Lee, W. Y., Hur, Y., Kim, D. Y., & Brigham, C. (2017). The effect of endorsement and congruence on banner ads on sports websites. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 18(3), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-08-2017-096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Lefebvre, F., Djaballah, M., & Chanavat, N. (2020). The deployment of professional football clubs’ eSports strategies: A dynamic capabilities approach. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1856165
   Google Scholar
• Legner, C., Eymann, T., Hess, T., Matt, C., Böhmann, T., Drews, P., & Ahlemann, F. (2017). Digitalization: Opportunity and challenge for the business and information systems engineering community. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0484-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEGO. (2019). LEGO Ideas Challenge. Retrieved 9 March 2020 from https://ideas.lego.com/
   Google Scholar
• Lemon, K. N., & Verhoef, P. C. (2016). Understanding customer experience throughout the customer journey. Journal of Marketing, 80(6), 69–96. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Lettieri, E., & Orsenigo, C. (2020). Predicting soccer consumption: Do eSports matter? Empirical insights from a machine learning approach. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 10(5), 523–544. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2019-0093
   Google Scholar
• Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Li, B., & Scott, O. (2020). Fake news travels fast: Exploring misinformation circulated around Wu Lei’s Coronavirus case. International Journal of Sport Communication, 13(3), 505–513. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Li, B., Dittmore, S. W., Scott, O. K., Lo, W. J., & Stokowski, S. (2019). Why we follow: Examining motivational differences in following sport organizations on Twitter and Weibo. Sport Management Review, 22(3), 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm, J. (2019). The Netflix-ication of sports broadcasting. The International Sports Law Journal, 18(3–4), 99–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-019-00145-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loebbecke, C., & Picot, A. (2015). Reflections on societal and business model transformation arising from digitization and big data analytics: A research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 24(3), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2015.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *López-Carril, S., & Anagnostopoulos, C. (2020). COVID-19 and soccer teams on Instagram: The case of corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Sport Communication, 1(aop), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0230
   Google Scholar
• Lusch, R. F., & Nambisan, S. (2015). Service innovation: A service-dominant logic perspective. MIS Quarterly, 39(1), 155–175. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2015/39.1.07
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Machado, J. C., Martins, C. C., Ferreira, F. C., Silva, S. C., & Duarte, P. A. (2020). Motives to engage with sports brands on Facebook and Instagram – The case of a Portuguese football club. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 21(2), 325–349. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-06-2019-0066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Marquez, A., Cianfrone, B. A., & Kellison, T. (2020). Factors affecting spectators’ adoption of digital ticketing: The case of interscholastic sports. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 21(3), 527–541. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-07-2019-0080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, K. D., Borah, A., & Palmatier, R. W. (2017). Data privacy: Effects on customer and firm performance. Journal of Marketing, 81(1), 36–58. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayring, P. (2004). Qualitative content analysis. A Companion to Qualitative Research, 1(2), 159–176.
   Google Scholar
• McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., & Davenport, T. H. (2012). Big data: The management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 60–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Meadows, C. Z., & Meadows III, C. W. (2020). He will never walk outside of a prison again: An examination of Twitter users’ responses to the Larry Nassar case. Communication & Sport, 8(2), 188–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519825620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meire, M., Hewett, K., Ballings, M., Kumar, V., & Van den Poel, D. (2019). The role of marketer-generated content in customer engagement marketing. Journal of Marketing, 83(6), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919873903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens, P., & Wiener, M. (2018). WRiding the digitalization wave: Toward a sustainable nomenclature in Wirtschaftsinformatik. A comment on Riedl et al. (2017). Business Information System Engineering, 60(4), 367–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-018-0545-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merz, M. A., Zarantonello, L., & Grappi, S. (2018). How valuable are your customers in the brand value co-creation process? The development of a customer co-creation value (CCCV) scale. Journal of Business Research, 82, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.08.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mitchell, F. R., Santarossa, S., & Woodruff, S. J. (2018). Athletes as advocates: Influencing eating-disorder beliefs and perceptions through social media. International Journal of Sport Communication, 11(4), 433–446. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morakanyane, R., Grace, A. A., & O’Reilly, P. (2017). Conceptualizing digital transformation in business organizations: A systematic review of literature. Bled eConference (pp. 427–444), Bled, Slovenia, 2021, June 18–21.
   Google Scholar
• *Na, S., Kunkel, T., & Doyle, J. (2020). Exploring athlete brand image development on social media: The role of signalling through source credibility. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(1), 88–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1662465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nambisan, S., Lyytinen, K., Majchrzak, A., & Song, M. (2017). Digital innovation management: Reinventing innovation management research in a digital world. MIS Quarterly, 41(1), 223–238. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2017/41:1.03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nambisan, S., Wright, M., & Feldman, M. (2019). The digital transformation of innovation and entrepreneurship: Progress, challenges and key themes. Research Policy, 48(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.03.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Naraine, M. L. (2019). The blockchain phenomenon: Conceptualizing decentralized networks and the value proposition to the sport industry. International Journal of Sport Communication, 12(3), 313–335. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2019-0051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Naraine, M. L., O’Reilly, N., Levallet, N., & Wanless, L. (2020). If you build it, will they log on? Wi–Fi usage and behavior while attending National Basketball Association games. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 10(2), 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-02-2019-0016
   Google Scholar
• Ng, I. C. L., & Wakenshaw, S. Y. L. (2017). The internet-of-things: Review and research directions. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 34(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2016.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *O’Hallarn, B., Shapiro, S. L., Wittkower, D. E., Ridinger, L., & Hambrick, M. E. (2019). A model for the generation of public sphere-like activity in sport-themed Twitter hashtags. Sport Management Review, 22(3), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Osokin, N. (2019). User engagement and gratifications of NSO supporters on Facebook. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 20(1), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-11-2017-0115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Parganas, P., Anagnostopoulos, C., & Chadwick, S. (2017). Effects of social media interactions on brand associations. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 18(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-05-2017-087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Parganas, P., Liasko, R., & Anagnostopoulos, C. (2017). Scoring goals in multiple fields. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 7(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-11-2016-0072
   Google Scholar
• Payne, A. F., Frow, P., & Eggert, A. (2017). The customer value proposition: Evolution, development, and application in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(4), 467–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0523-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, A. F., Storbacka, K., & Frow, P. (2008). Managing the co-creation of value. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-007-0070-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, J., Zorbach, T., & Carley, K. M. (2014). Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks. Journal of Marketing Communications, 20(1–2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2013.797778
   Google Scholar
• *Pizzo, A. D., Na, S., Baker, B. J., Lee, M. A., Kim, D., & Funk, D. C. (2018). Esport vs. Sport: A Comparison of Spectator Motives. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 27(2), 108–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Popp, B., & Woratschek, H. (2016). Introducing branded communities in sport for building strong brand relations in social media. Sport Management Review, 19(2), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Popp, B., Germelmann, C. C., & Jung, B. (2016). We love to hate them! Social media-based anti-brand communities in professional football. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 17(4), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-11-2016-018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Qian, T. Y., Wang, J. J., Zhang, J. J., & Lu, L. Z. (2020). It is in the game: Dimensions of esports online spectator motivation and development of a scale. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1630464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjan, K. R., & Read, S. (2016). Value co-creation: Concept and measurement. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(3), 290–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0397-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, J., Amorim, M., Melão, N., & Matos, P. (2018). Digital transformation: A literature review and guidelines for future research. World Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (pp. 411–421). Cham, CH: Springer, (2018, March 27–29).
   Google Scholar
• Riedl, R., Benlian, A., Hess, T., Stelzer, D., & Sikora, H. (2017). On the relationship between information management and digitalization. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(6), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0498-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rogers, R., Farquhar, L., & Mummert, J. (2020). Audience response to endemic and non-endemic sponsors of esports events. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 21(3), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-09-2019-0107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Sanderson, J., & Weathers, M. R. (2020). Snapchat and child sexual abuse in sport: Protecting child athletes in the social media age. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Santos, T. O., Correia, A., Biscaia, R., & Pegoraro, A. (2019). Examining fan engagement through social networking sites. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 20(1), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-05-2016-0020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schau, H. J., Muñiz Jr, A. M., & Arnould, E. J. (2009). How brand community practices create value. Journal of Marketing, 73(5), 30–51. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.5.30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Schmidt, S. H., Frederick, E. L., Pegoraro, A., & Spencer, T. C. (2019). An analysis of Colin Kaepernick. Megan Rapinoe, and the National Anthem Protests. Communication & Sport, 7(5), 653–677. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479518793625
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S., & Koenigstorfer, J. (2021). Fan centricity of German soccer teams: Exploring the construct and its consequences. Soccer & Society, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2021.1915780
   Google Scholar
• Seargeant, P., & Tagg, C. (2019). Social media and the future of open debate: A user-oriented approach to Facebook’s filter bubble conundrum. Discourse, Context & Media, 27, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2018.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skog, D. A., Wimelius, H., & Sandberg, J. (2018). Digital disruption. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 60(5), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-018-0550-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Song, J., Kim, J., & Cho, K. (2018). Understanding users’ continuance intentions to use smart-connected sports products. Sport Management Review, 21(5), 477–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stieler, M., & Germelmann, C. C. (2018). Actor engagement practices and triadic value co-creation in the team sports ecosystem. Marketing ZFP, 40(4), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2018-4-30
   Google Scholar
• Storbacka, K., Brodie, R. J., Böhmann, T., Maglio, P. P., & Nenonen, S. (2016). Actor engagement as a microfoundation for value co-creation. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3008–3017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ströbel, T., & Germelmann, C. C. (2020). Exploring new routes within brand research in sport management: Directions and methodological approaches. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1706603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh, A. (2013). The influence of self-discrepancy between the virtual and real selves in virtual communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and grats 2.0: New gratifications for new media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(4), 504–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.845827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Sveinson, K., & Hoeber, L. (2020). ‘So begins the demise of# Superman from Metropolis’: Consumers’ Twitter reactions to an athlete’s transgression. Sport Management Review, 23(5), 810–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2020.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaminathan, V., Sorescu, A., Steenkamp, J. B. E., O’Guinn, T. C. G., & Schmitt, B. (2020). Branding in a hyperconnected world: Refocusing theories and rethinking boundaries. Journal of Marketing, 84(2), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919899905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tacon, R., & Vainker, S. (2017). Fantasy sport: A systematic review and new research directions. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(5), 558–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1347192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teare, G., & Taks, M. (2020). Extending the scoping review framework: A guide for interdisciplinary researchers. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 23(3), 311–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2019.1696092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellis, G. J., MacInnis, D. J., Tirunillai, S., & Zhang, Y. (2019). What drives virality (sharing) of online digital content? The critical role of information, emotion, and brand prominence. Journal of Marketing, 83(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919841034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Thompson, A. J., Martin, A. J., Gee, S., & Geurin, A. N. (2018). Building brand and fan relationships through social media. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 8(3), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-04-2017-0024
   Google Scholar
• Tilson, D., Lyytinen, K., & Sørensen, C. (2010). Research commentary – digital infrastructures: The missing IS research agenda. Information Systems Research, 21(4), 748–759. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1100.0318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tjønndal, A. (2021). ‘What’s next? Calling beer-drinking a sport?!’: Virtual resistance to considering eSport as sport. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 11(1), 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2019-0085
   Google Scholar
• *Tovares, A. V. (2020). The public loneliness of endurance athletes: Creating ambient affiliation through involvement strategies on Twitter. Discourse, Context & Media, 34, 100380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2020.100380
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tu, R., Hsieh, P., & Feng, W. (2019). Walking for fun or for ‘likes’? The impacts of different gamification orientations of fitness apps on consumers’ physical activities. Sport Management Review, 22(5), 682–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Uhm, J. P., Lee, H. W., & Han, J. W. (2019). Creating sense of presence in a virtual reality experience: Impact on neurophysiological arousal and attitude towards a winter sport. Sport Management Review, 23(4), 588–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhrich, S. (2014). Exploring customer-to-customer value co-creation platforms and practices in team sports. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(1), 25–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2013.865248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Utz, S., Otto, F., & Pawlowski, T. (2020). ‘Germany Crashes out of World Cup’ 1: A mixed-method study on the effects of crisis communication on Facebook. Journal of Sport Management, 1(aop), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0430
   Google Scholar
• Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2008). From goods to service(s): Divergences and convergence of logics. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(3), 254–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2016). Institutions and axioms: An extension and update of service-dominant logic. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-015-0456-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargo, S. L., Maglio, P. P., & Akaka, M. A. (2008). On value and value co-creation: A service systems and service logic perspective. European Management Journal, 26(3), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2008.04.003
   Google Scholar
• Vial, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 28(2), 118–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wäsche, H., Dickson, G., Woll, A., & Brandes, U. (2017). Social network analysis in sport research: An emerging paradigm. European Journal for Sport and Society, 14(2), 138–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2017.1318198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Wakefield, L. T., & Bennett, G. (2018). Sports fan experience: Electronic word-of-mouth in ephemeral social media. Sport Management Review, 21(2), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Wang, J. J., Pifer, N. D., Scremin, G., & Zhang, J. J. (2020). Modeling environmental antecedents of online word-of-mouth on team social media: A perspective of information value. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(2), 79–93. http://doi.org/10.32731/SMQ.292.062020.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Watanabe, N. M., Pegoraro, A., Yan, G., & Shapiro, S. L. (2019). Does rivalry matter? An analysis of sport consumer interest on social media. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 20(4), 646–665. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-07-2018-0070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Weimann-Saks, D., Ariel, Y., & Elishar-Malka, V. (2020). Social second screen: WhatsApp and watching the World cup. Communication & Sport, 8(1), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479518821913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Weimar, D., Holthoff, L. C., & Biscaia, R. (2020). When sponsorship causes anger: Understanding negative fan reactions to postings on sports clubs’ online social media channels. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1786593
   Google Scholar
• *Whitburn, D., Karg, A., & Turner, P. (2020). The effect of digital integrated marketing communications on not-for-profit sport consumption behaviors. Journal of Sport Management, 1(aop), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0306
   Google Scholar
• *Winand, M., Belot, M., Merten, S., & Kolyperas, D. (2019). International sport federations’ social media communication: A content analysis of FIFA’s Twitter account. International Journal of Sport Communication, 12(2), 209–233. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woratschek, H., Horbel, C., & Popp, B. (2014). The sport value framework – a new fundamental logic for analyses in sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(1), 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2013.865776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woratschek, H., Horbel, C., & Popp, B. (2020). Conceptualizing resource integration: The peculiar role of pure public resources. Journal of Service Management Research, 4(2–3), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.15358/2511-8676-2020-2-3-157
   Google Scholar
• *Yan, G., Pegoraro, A., & Watanabe, N. M. (2018). Student-athletes’ organization of activism at the university of Missouri: Resource mobilization on Twitter. Journal of Sport Management, 32(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Yan, G., Watanabe, N. M., Shapiro, S. L., Naraine, M. L., & Hull, K. (2019). Unfolding the Twitter scene of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final: Social media networks and power dynamics. European Sport Management Quarterly, 19(4), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2018.1517272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi, Y., & Gong, T. (2013). Customer value co-creation behavior: Scale development and validation. Journal of Business Research, 66(9), 1279–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.02.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Yim, B. H., Byon, K. K., Baker, T. A., & Zhang, J. J. (2021). Identifying critical factors in sport consumption decision making of millennial sport fans: Mixed-methods approach. European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(4), 484–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1755713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2011). Applications of case study research. Sage Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida, M., James, J. D., & Cronin, J. (2013). Value creation: Assessing the relationships between quality, consumption value and behavioural intentions at sporting events. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 14(2), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-14-02-2013-B005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Yuksel, M., McDonald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Darmody, A. (2017). The paradoxical relationship between fantasy football and NFL consumption: Conflict development and consumer coping mechanisms. Sport Management Review, 20(2), 198–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Byon, K. K., Tsuji, Y., & Pedersen, P. M. (2020). Co-created value influences residents’ support toward the sporting event through the mediating mechanism of gratitude. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–23. doi:10.1080/16184742.2020.1836011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar