Event leverage: a systematic literature review and new research agenda

References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the systematic review.

• Allen, J., O’Toole, W., Harris, R., & McDonnell, I. (2021). Festival and special event management [Interactive Wiley e-text]. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• *Bason, T., & Grix, J. (2018). Planning to fail? Leveraging the Olympic bid. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(1), 138–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-06-2017-0106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowdin, G., Allen, J., O’Toole, W., Harris, R., & McDonnell, I. (2011). Events management (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080964317
   Google Scholar
• Bramwell, B. (1997). Strategic planning before and after a mega-event. Tourism Management, 18(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00118-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chalip, L. (2004). Beyond impact: A general model for sport event leverage. In B. W. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues (pp. 226–252). Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• *Chalip, L. (2006a). Toward a distinctive sport management discipline. Journal of Sport Management, 20(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chalip, L. (2006b). Towards social leverage of sport events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(2), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080601155126
   Google Scholar
• *Chalip, L. (2017). Event bidding, legacy, and leverage. In R. Hoye & M. Parent (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of sport management (pp. 401–421). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957961.n23
   Google Scholar
• *Chalip, L., Green, B. C., Taks, M., & Misener, L. (2017). Creating sport participation from sport events: Making it happen. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9(2), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2016.1257496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chalip, L., & Leyns, A. (2002). Local business leveraging of a sport event: Managing an event for economic benefit. Journal of Sport Management, 16(2), 132–158. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.16.2.132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Chen, S., & Misener, L. (2019). Event leveraging in a nonhost region: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Sport Management, 33(4), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowther, P. (2011). Marketing event outcomes: From tactical to strategic. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2(1), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/17582951111116623
   Google Scholar
• Crowther, P., & Donlan, L. (2011). Value-creation space: The role of events in a service-dominant marketing paradigm. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(13–14), 1444–1463. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2011.626786
   Google Scholar
• *Derom, I., & VanWynsberghe, R. (2015). Extending the benefits of leveraging cycling events: Evidence from the Tour of Flanders. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(1), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.997772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dickson, T. J., Darcy, S., & Walker, C. (2021). A case of leveraging a mega-sport event for a sport participation and sport tourism legacy: A prospective longitudinal case study of Whistler Adaptive Sports. Sustainability, 13(1), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Duignan, M. B. (2021). Leveraging Tokyo 2020 to re-image Japan and the Olympic city, post-Fukushima. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Duignan, M. B., & Pappalepore, I. (2021). How do Olympic cities strategically leverage new urban tourism? Evidence from Tokyo. Tourism Geographies, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1895296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Duignan, M., Everett, S., Walsh, L., & Cade, N. (2018). Leveraging physical and digital liminoidal spaces: The case of the #EATCambridge festival. Tourism Geographies, 20(5), 858–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1417472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durach, C. F., Kembro, J., & Wieland, A. (2017). A new paradigm for systematic literature reviews in supply chain management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 53(4), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Foley, M., McGillivray, D., & McPherson, G. (2015). Culturing sports mega events: Leveraging public value. In J. M. Bryson, B. C. Crosby, & L. Bloomberg (Eds.), Creating public value in practice: Advancing the common good in a multi-sector, shared-power, no-one-wholly-in-charge world (pp. 331–348). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, F., Heere, B., Todd, S. Y., & Mihalik, B. (2020). The initial intentions for social leveraging of a mega sport event among stakeholders of a newly formed interorganizational relationship. Journal of Sport Management, 34(2), 147–160. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jsm/34/2/article-p147.xml https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Girginov, V., Peshin, N., & Belousov, L. (2017). Leveraging mega events for capacity building in voluntary sport organisations. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(5), 2081–2102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-016-9825-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hayduk III, T. (2019). Leveraging sport mega events for international entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(3), 857–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00573-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herold, D. M., Breitbarth, T., Schulenkorf, N., & Kummer, S. (2020). Sport logistics research: Reviewing and line marking of a new field. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 31(2), 357–379. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-02-2019-0066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiller, C. E., Nightingale, E. J., Lin, C.-W. C., Coughlan, G. F., Caulfield, B., & Delahunt, E. (2011). Characteristics of people with recurrent ankle sprains: A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(8), 660–672. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.077404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hoskyn, K., Dickson, G., & Sotiriadou, P. (2018). Leveraging medium-sized sport events to attract club participants. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(2), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-04-2017-0063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, M. C. (2009). Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function. In D. H. Chew & S. L. Gillan (Eds.), U.S. Corporate governance (pp. 3–25). Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/chew14856-001
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M. L. (2004). Application of systematic review methods to qualitative research: Practical issues. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(3), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03196.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kelly, D. M., & Fairley, S. (2018). What about the event? How do tourism leveraging strategies affect small-scale events? Tourism Management, 64, 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kelly, D. M., Fairley, S., & O’Brien, D. (2019). It was never ours: Formalised event hosting rights and leverage. Tourism Management, 73, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.01.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Lockstone-Binney, L., Urwin, G., Bingley, S., & Burgess, S. (2020). Identifying social impact from supplemental events: A research framework. Leisure Studies, 39(6), 877–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1795227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mhanna, R., Blake, A., & Jones, I. (2017). Challenges facing immediate tourism leveraging: Evidence from the London 2012 Olympic Games. Managing Sport and Leisure, 22(2), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2017.1412269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Misener, L. (2015). Leveraging parasport events for community participation: Development of a theoretical framework. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(1), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.997773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Misener, L., Di Lu, L., & Carlisi, R. (2020). Leveraging events to develop collaborative partnerships: Examining the formation and collaborative dynamics of the Ontario Parasport Legacy Group. Journal of Sport Management, 34(5), 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Misener, L., Taks, M., Chalip, L., & Green, B. C. (2015). The elusive “trickle-down effect” of sport events: Assumptions and missed opportunities. Managing Sport and Leisure, 20(2), 135–156. http://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2015.1010278
   Google Scholar
• *Morse, J. (2001). The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games: How the Australian Tourist Commission leveraged the games for tourism. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(2), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670100700201
   Google Scholar
• *Newland, B. L., & Jung-Eun Yoo, J. (2021). Active sport event participants’ behavioural intentions: Leveraging outcomes for future attendance and visitation. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 27(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766720948249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, S. N., & Menzies, J. (2010). Event effectiveness: Analysing the perceptions of key stakeholders of the Lexmark Indy 300/Champ Car Event, Gold Coast. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 8(1/2), 106–130. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2010.033952
   Google Scholar
• *O’Brien, D., & Chalip, L. (2007). Executive training exercise in sport event leverage. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(4), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180710824181
   Google Scholar
• *O’Brien, D., & Chalip, L. (2008). Sport events and strategic leveraging: Pushing towards the triple bottom line. In A. Woodside & D. Martin (Eds.), Tourism management: Analysis, behaviour and strategy (pp. 318–338). CABI.
   Google Scholar
• *Pereira, E., Mascarenhas, M., Flores, A., Chalip, L., & Pires, G. (2020). Strategic leveraging: Evidences of small-scale sport events. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 11(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-07-2018-0046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Pereira, E., Mascarenhas, M., Flores, A., & Pires, G. (2015). Nautical small-scale sports events portfolio: A strategic leveraging approach. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1007883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Perić, M., Đurkin, J., & Wise, N. (2016). Leveraging small-scale sport events: Challenges of organising, delivering and managing sustainable outcomes in rural communities, the case of Gorski Kotar, Croatia. Sustainability, 8(12), 1337. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8121337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Potwarka, L. R., Snelgrove, R., Drewery, D., Bakhsh, J., & Wood, L. (2020). From intention to participation: Exploring the moderating role of a voucher-based event leveraging initiative. Sport Management Review, 23(2), 302–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preuss, H. (2007). The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3-4), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957
   Google Scholar
• *Sant, S.-L., Misener, L., & Mason, D. S. (2019). Leveraging sport events for tourism gain in host cities: A regime perspective. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 23(4), 203–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2019.1711444
   Google Scholar
• Schulenkorf, N., & Adair, D. (2013). Temporality, transience and regularity in sport-for-development: Synchronizing programs with events. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 5(1), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2012.678600
   Google Scholar
• *Schulenkorf, N., & Edwards, D. (2012). Maximizing positive social impacts: Strategies for sustaining and leveraging the benefits of intercommunity sport events in divided societies. Journal of Sport Management, 26(5), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.5.379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Schulenkorf, N., Giannoulakis, C., & Blom, L. (2019). Sustaining commercial viability and community benefits: Management and leverage of a sport-for-development event. European Sport Management Quarterly, 19(4), 502–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2018.1546755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Schulenkorf, N., & Schlenker, K. (2017). Leveraging sport events to maximize community benefits in low- and middle-income countries. Event Management, 21(2), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599517X14878772869766
   Google Scholar
• Schulenkorf, N., Schlenker, K., Rammal, H., Welty Peachey, J., & Morgan, A. (2022). Managing and leveraging events: Business and social dimensions. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• *Schulenkorf, N., Schlenker, K., & Thomson, A. (2017). Strategic leveraging of large-scale and mega-events. In S. Frawley (Ed.), Managing sport mega-events (pp. 139–149). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schulenkorf, N., Sherry, E., & Rowe, K. (2016). Sport-for-development: An integrated literature review. Journal of Sport Management, 30(1), 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2014-0263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, N. R. (2019). Contesting sustainable community development through the Olympic games in the era of globalization: The case of Daegwallyeong-myeon, host community of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/105020
   Google Scholar
• Siefken, K. (2022). Calling out for change makers to move beyond disciplinary perspectives. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 19(8), 529–530. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2022-0361
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Skard, S., Adam, S., & Engdahl, L. F. (2020). Host or sponsor? Consumer responses to event origins and brand-related event leveraging. Event Management, 24(6), 753–767. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599519X15506259856183
   Google Scholar
• *Smith, A. (2014). Leveraging sport mega-events: New model or convenient justification? Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 6(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2013.823976
   Google Scholar
• *Taks, M., Green, B. C., Misener, L., & Chalip, L. (2018). Sport participation from sport events: Why it doesn’t happen? Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-05-2017-0091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, A., Cuskelly, G., Toohey, K., Kennelly, M., Burton, P., & Fredline, L. (2019). Sport event legacy: A systematic quantitative review of literature. Sport Management Review, 22(3), 295–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, V. (1979). Frame, flow and reflection: Ritual and drama as public liminality. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 6(4), 465–499. https://doi.org/10.18874/jjrs.6.4.1979.465-499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *VanWynsberghe, R. (2016). Applying event leveraging using OGI data: A case study of Vancouver 2010. Leisure Studies, 35(5), 583–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.986508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *VanWynsberghe, R., Derom, I., & Maurer, E. (2012). Social leveraging of the 2010 Olympic Games: ‘Sustainability’ in a City of Vancouver initiative. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 4(2), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2012.662618
   Google Scholar
• *Welty Peachey, J., Borland, J., Lobpries, J., & & Cohen, A. (2015). Managing impact: Leveraging sacred spaces and community celebration to maximize social capital at a sport-for-development event. Sport Management Review, 18(1), 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welty Peachey, J., Cohen, A., Shin, N., & & Fusaro, B. (2018). Challenges and strategies of building and sustaining inter-organizational partnerships in sport for development and peace. Sport Management Review, 21(2), 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welty Peachey, J., Schulenkorf, N., & & Hill, P. (2020). Sport-for-development: A comprehensive analysis of theoretical and conceptual advancements. Sport Management Review, 23(5), 783–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley, M. A., Collison-Randall, H., Wright, P. M., Darnell, S. C., Schulenkorf, N., Knee, E., Holt, R., & Richards, J. (2022). Moving beyond disciplinary silos: The potential for transdisciplinary research in sport for development. Journal of Sport for Development, 10(2), 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: Updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ziakas, V. (2014). Planning and leveraging event portfolios: Towards a holistic theory. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23(3), 327–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2013.796868
   Google Scholar
• *Ziakas, V. (2015). For the benefit of all? Developing a critical perspective in mega-event leverage. Leisure Studies, 34(6), 689–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2014.986507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ziakas, V. (2020). Leveraging sport events for tourism development: The event portfolio perspective. Journal of Global Sport Management, https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2020.1731700
   Google Scholar
• Ziakas, V. (2021). Strategic event leveraging: Models, practices and prospects. CABI. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZW5KEAAAQBAJ
   Google Scholar
• *Ziakas, V., & Costa, C. A. (2010). ‘Between theatre and sport’ in a rural event: Evolving unity and community development from the inside-out. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775081003770892
   Google Scholar
• *Ziakas, V., & Costa, C. A. (2011). The use of an event portfolio in regional community and tourism development: Creating synergy between sport and cultural events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 16(2), 149–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2011.568091
   Google Scholar