Advances in the Cognitive Behavioural Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

REFERENCES

• Abramowitz, J.S., Wheaton, M.G., & Storch, E.A. (2008). The status of hoarding as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1026–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, E., Enander, J., Andrén, P., Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Hursti, T., Bergtröm, J., & Rück, C. (2012). Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 42, 2193–2203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcolado, G.M., & Radomsky, A.S. (2011). Believe in yourself: Manipulating beliefs about memory causes checking. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 42–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury, C., Cassin, S.E., & Rector, N.A. (2011). Obsessive beliefs and neurocognitive flexibility in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 187, 160–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles, M.E., Heimberg, R.G., Frost, R.O., & Steketee, G. (2005). Not just right experiences and obsessive-compulsive features: Experimental and self-monitoring perspectives. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 153–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles, M.E., Radomsky, A.S., & Horng, B. (2006). Exploring the boundaries of memory distrust from repeated checking: Increasing external validity and examining thresholds. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 995–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughtrey, A.E., Shafran, R., Knibbs, D., & Rachman, S. (2012). Mental contamination in obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1, 244–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughtrey, A.E., Shafran, R., Lee, M., & Rachman, S. (2012). The treatment of mental contamination: A case series. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughtrey, A.E., Shafran, R., & Rachman, S. (submitted). The spontaneous decay and persistence of mental contamination: An experimental analysis.
   Google Scholar
• de Silva, P., Menzies, R.G., & Shafran, R. (2003). Spontaneous decay of compulsive urges: The case of covert compulsions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbrother, N., Newth, S., & Rachman, S.J. (2005). Mental pollution: Feelings of dirtiness without physical contact. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 121–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbrother, N., & Rachman, S.J. (2004). Feelings of mental pollution subsequent to sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 173–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E.B., Liebowitz, M.R., Kozak, M.J., Davies, S., Campeas, R., Franklin, M.E., Huppert, J.D.& Tu, X. (2005). Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 151–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeston, M.H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997). What do patients do with their obsessive thoughts?Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 335–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeston, M.H., Ladouceur, R., Gagnon, F., Thibodeau, N., Rheaume, J., Letarte, H., & Bujold, A. (1997). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive thoughts: A controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 405–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeston, M.H., Leger, E., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Cognitive therapy of obsessive thoughts. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8, 61–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug, T., Nordgreen, T., Öst, L.G., & Havik, O.E. (2012). Self-help treatment of anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of effects and potential moderators. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 425–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herba, J.K., & Rachman, S.J. (2007). Vulnerability to mental contamination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2804–2812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood, H.K., Antony, M.M., Koerner, N., & Monson, C.M. (2010). Effects of safety behaviors on fear reduction during exposure. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1161–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton, S., Saxon, D., Bradburn, M., Ricketts, T., & Hardy, G. (2010). The effectiveness of routinely delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A benchmarking study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 473–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, H., & Radomsky, A.S. (under review). Safety behaviour enhances the acceptability of exposure therapy.
   Google Scholar
• Lopatka, C., & Rachman, S. (1995). Perceived responsibility and compulsive checking: An experimental analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 673–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell, K., Ekers, D., Fulford, A., Baguley, C., & Bradshaw, T. (2004). A pilot study of a self-help manual with minimal therapist contact in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing, 8, 122–127.
   Google Scholar
• Marks, I.M., Hodgson, R., & Rachman, S. (1975). Treatment of chronic obsessive-compulsive neurosis by in-vivo exposure: A two-year follow-up and issues in treatment. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 349–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, I.M., Stern, R.S., Mawson, D., Cobb, J., & McDonald, R. (1980). Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive compulsive rituals. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus, F., Sacadura, C., & Clark, D.M. (2008). Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 147–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milosevic, I., & Radomsky, A.S. (in press (a)). Keep your eye on the target: Safety behavior reduces targeted threat beliefs following a behavioral experiment. Cognitive Therapy and Research.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milosevic, I., & Radomsky, A.S. (in press (b)). Incorporating the judicious use of safety behavior into exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders: A study of treatment acceptability. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.
   Google Scholar
• Milosevic, I., & Radomsky, A.S. (2008). Safety behavior does not necessarily interfere with exposure therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1111–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulding, R., Kyrios, M., & Doron, G. (2007). Obsessive-compulsive behaviours in specific situations: The relative influence of appraisals of control, responsibility and threat. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1693–1702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group (2003). Psychometric validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory: Part I. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 863–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group (2005). Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory: Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1527–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öst, L.G. (1987). Applied relaxation: description of a coping technique and review of controlled studies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 397–409.
   Google Scholar
• Purdon, C., & Clark, D.A. (1994). Obsessive intrusive thoughts in nonclinical subjects: Part II: Cognitive appraisal, emotional response and thought control strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 403–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdon, C., & Clark, D.A. (2002). Mental control beliefs and appraisals in OCD. In R.O. Frost & G. Steketee (Eds.), Cognitive approaches to obsessions and compulsions: Theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 29–43). Oxford: Elsevier Press.
   Google Scholar
• Purdon, C., Rowa, K., & Antony, M.M. (2005). Thought suppression and its effects on thought frequency, appraisal and mood state in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 93–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman, S. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 793–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman, S. (1998). A cognitive theory of obsessions: Elaborations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 385–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman, S. (2002). A cognitive theory of compulsive checking. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 625–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman, S.J. (2004). Fear of contamination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1227–1255.
   Google Scholar
• Rachman, S.J. (2006). The fear of contamination: Assessment and treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rachman, S., Cobb, J., Grey, S., McDonald, B., Mawson, D., Sartory, G., & Stern, R. (1979). The behavioural treatment of obsessional-compulsive disorders, with and without clomipramine. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 467–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman, S.J., & Hodgson, R.J. (1980). Obsessions and compulsions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Rachman, S., Radomsky, A.S., & Shafran, R. (2008). Safety behaviour: A reconsideration. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachman, S., Shafran, R., Radomsky, A., & Zysk, E. (2011). Reducing contamination by exposure plus safety behaviour. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 397–404.
   Google Scholar
• Radomsky, A.S., & Alcolado, G. (2010). Don't even think about checking: Mental checking causes memory distrust. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 345–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radomsky, A.S., Gilchrist, P.T., & Dussault, D.D. (2006). Repeated checking really does cause memory distrust. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 305–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radomsky, A.S., Shafran, R., Coughtrey, A.E., & Rachman, S. (2010). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for compulsive checking in OCD. Cognitive and Behavioural Practice, 17, 119–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radomsky, A.S., Rachman, S.J., Coughtrey, A.E., & Shafran, R. (in press). Mental contamination: Development of measures.
   Google Scholar
• Riskind, J.H., Rector, N.A., & Cassin, S.E. (2011). Examination of the convergent validity of looming vulnerability in the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 989–993.
   Google Scholar
• Salkovskis, P.M. (1985). Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkovskis, P.M. (1996). The cognitive approach to anxiety: Threat beliefs, safety-seeking behavior, and the special case of health anxiety and obsessions. In P.M.Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 48–74). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salkovskis, P.M., & Westbrook, D. (1989). Behaviour therapy and obsessional ruminations: Can failure be turned into success?Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 149–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafran, R., Thordarson, D.S., & Rachman, S. (1996). Thought-action fusion in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10(5), 379–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speckens, A.E.M., Hackmann, A., Ehlers, A., & Cuthbert, B. (2007). Imagery special issue: Intrusive images and memories of earlier adverse events in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 411–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallis, F. (1997). The neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and consideration of clinical implications. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 3–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hout, M.A., Engelhard, I.M., de Boer, C., du Bois, A., & Dek, E. (2008). Perseverative and compulsive-like staring causes uncertainty about perception. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1300–1304.
   Google Scholar
• van den Hout, M.A., Engelhard, I.M., Smeets, M., Dek, E.C.P., Turksman, K., & Saric, R. (2009). Uncertainty about perception and dissociation after compulsive-like staring: Time course of effects. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 535–539.
   Google Scholar
• van den Hout, M.A., & Kindt, M. (2003a). Repeated checking causes memory distrust. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 301–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hout, M.A., & Kindt, M. (2003b). Phenomenological validity of an OCD-memory model and the remember/know distinction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 369–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hout, M.A., & Kindt, M. (2004). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the paradoxical effects of perserverative behaviour on experienced uncertainty. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 165–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Hout, M.A., Engelhard, I.M., Toffolo, M.B.J., & van Uijen, S.L. (2011). Exposure plus response prevention versus exposure plus safety behaviours in reducing feelings of contamination, fear, danger and disgust. An extended replication of Rachman, Shafran, Radomsky & Zysk (2011). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 364–370.
   Google Scholar
• Volz, C., & Heyman, I. (2007). Case series: Transformation obsession in young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 766–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, S.P., Brown, A.M., & Abramowitz, J.S. (2008). Five-day intensive treatment for adolescent OCD: A case series. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 495–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittal, M.L., Thordarson, D.S., & McLean, P.D. (2005). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1559–1576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittal, M.L., Woody, S.R., McLean, P.D., Rachman, S.J., & Robichaud, M. (2010). Treatment of obsessions: A randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 295–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wootton, B.M., Titov, N., Dear, B.F., Spence, J., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., & Solley, K. (2011). An Internet administered treatment program for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A feasibility study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 1102–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wroe, A.L., & Salkovskis, P.M. (2000). Causing harm and allowing harm: A study of beliefs in obsessional problems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 1141–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, C., & Liljenquist, K.A. (2006). Washing away your sins: Threatened morality and physical cleansing. Science, 313, 1451–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar