Measuring Change in Depression-Related Interpretation Bias: Development and Validation of a Parallel Ambiguous Scenarios Test

REFERENCES

• Beck, A.T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A.T. (1984). Cognition and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1112–1114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A.T. (1997). The past and future of cognitive therapy. The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 6, 276–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck, A.T, Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.E, & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berna, C., Lang, T.J., Goodwin, G.M., & Holmes, E.A. (2011). Developing a measure of interpretation bias for depressed mood: An ambiguous scenarios test. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 349–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson, S., & Sears, C.R. (2007). The effect of depressed mood on the interpretation of ambiguity, with and without negative mood induction. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 614–645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell, S.E., & Holmes, E.A. (2010). Modifying interpretation and imagination in clinical depression: A single case series using cognitive bias modification. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(3), 338–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucks, R.S., Garner, M., Tarrant, L., Bradley, B.P., & Mogg, K. (2008). Interpretation of emotionally ambiguous faces in older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 63B, 337–343.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1983). Cognitive processes in anxiety. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 51–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B.M. (1989). A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B.M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Clause, C.S., Mullins, M.E., Nee, M.T., Pukalos, E., & Schmitt, N. (1998). Parallel test form development: A procedure for alternate predictors and an example. Personnel Psychology 5l, 193–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L.J. (1947). Test “reliability”: Its meaning and determination. Psychometrika, 12, 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgleish, T., Taghavi, R., Neshat-Doost, H., Moradi, A., Canterbury, R., & Yule, W. (2003). Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 10–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eley, T.C., Gregory, A.M., Lau, J.Y.A., McGuffin, P., Napolitano, M., Rijsdijk, F.W., & Clark, M.D. (2008). In the face of uncertainty: A twin study of ambiguous information, anxiety and depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 55–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmer, C.J., O'Sullivan, U., Favaron, E., Massey-Chase, R., Ayres, R., Reinecke, A., Goodwin, G.M., & Cowen, P.J. (2009). Effect of acute antidepressant administration on negative affective bias in depressed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1178–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautzinger, M., & Bailer, M. (1993). Die Allgemeine Depressions Skala (ADS). Weinheim: Beltz Test.
   Google Scholar
• Hertel, P.T., & El-Messidi, L. (2006). Am I blue? Depressed mood and the consequences of self-focus for the interpretation and recall of ambiguous words. Behavior Therapy, 37, 259–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E.A., Lang, T.A., & Deeprose, C. (2009). Mental imagery and emotion in treatments across disorders: Using the example of depression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38, 21–28.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, E.A., Lang, T.J., & Shah, D.M. (2009). Developing interpretation bias modification as a ‘cognitive vaccine’ for depressed mood: Imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 76–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E.A., & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: A special relationship?Emotion, 5, 489–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E.A., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2006). Positive interpretation training: Effects of mental imagery versus verbal training on positive mood. Behavior Therapy, 37, 237–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E.A., Mathews, A., Mackintosh, B., & Dalgleish, T. (2008). The causal effect of mental imagery on emotion assessed using picture-word cues. Emotion, 8, 395–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cut score criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelava, A., & Moosbrugger, H. (2007). Deskriptivstatistische Evaluation von Items (Itemanalyse) und Testwertverteilungen. In H.Moosbrugger & A.Kelava (Eds.), Testtheorie und Fragebogenkonstruktion. Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Koster, E.H.W., De Raedt, R., Leyman, L., & De Lissnyder, E. (2010). Mood-congruent attention and memory bias in dysphoria: Exploring the coherence among information-processing biases. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 219–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, T.J., Blackwell, S.E., Harmer, C.J., Davison, P., & Holmes, E.A. (2012). Cognitive bias modification using mental imagery for depression: Developing a novel computerized intervention. European Journal of Personality, 26, 145–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, T.J., Moulds, M.L., & Holmes, E.A. (2009). Reducing depressive intrusions via a computerized cognitive bias modification of appraisals task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 139–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, C., MacLeod, C., & Hammond, G. (2002). Interpretation revealed in the blink of an eye: Depressive bias in the resolution of ambiguity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 3, 321–328.
   Google Scholar
• Lothmann, C., Holmes, E.A., Chan, S.W.Y., & Lau, J. (2011). Cognitive bias modification training in adolescents: Effects on interpretation biases and mood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 24–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (2000). Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 602–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clincial Psychology, 1, 167–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg, K., Bradbury, K.E., & Bradley, B.P. (2006). Interpretation of ambiguous information in clinical depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1411–1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosbrugger, H., & Schermelleh-Engel, K. (2007). Exploratorische (EFA) und Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse (CFA). In H.Moosbrugger & A.Kelava (Eds.), Testtheorie und Fragebogenkonstruktion. Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Moser, J.S., Hajcak, G., Simons, R.F., Huppert, J.D., & Foa, E.B. (2008). Interpretation bias in social anxiety as detected by event-related brain potentials. Emotion, 8, 693–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D Scale. A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rude, S.S., Covich, J., Jarrold, W., Hedlund, S., & Zentner, M. (2001). Detecting depressive schemata in vulnerable individuals: Questionnaires versus laboratory tasks. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 103–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rude, S.S., Wenzlaff, R.M., Gibbs, B., Vane, J., & Whitney, T. (2002). Negative processing biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 423–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salemink, E., & van den Hout, M. (2010). Validation of the “recognition task” used in the training of interpretation biases. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 140–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santor, D.A., Zuroff, D.C., Ramsay, J.O., Cervantes, P., & Palacios, J. (1995). Examining scale discriminability in the BDI and CES-D as a function of depressive severity. Psychological Assessment, 7, 131–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Werner, C. (2007). Methoden der Reliabilitätsbestimmung. In H.Moosbrugger & A.Kelava (Eds.), Testtheorie und Fragebogenkonstruktion. Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Voncken, M.J., Bögels, S.M., & de Vries, K. (2004). Interpretation and judgmental biases in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1481–1488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlaff, R.M. (1993). The mental control of depression: Psychological obstacles to emotional well-being. In D.M.Wegner & J.W.Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar