References
- Addis, M. E., Wade, W. A., & Hatgis, C. (1999). Barriers to dissemination of evidence-based practices: Addressing practitioners’ concerns about manual-based psychotherapies. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 430–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.6.4.430
- Alfonsson, S., Spännargård, Å., Parling, T., Andersson, G., & Lundgren, T. (2017). The effects of clinical supervision on supervisees and patients in cognitive-behavioral therapy: A study protocol for a systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 6, 94
- American Psychological Association (2015). Guidelines for clinical supervision in health service psychology. The American Psychologist, 70, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038112
- Bambling, M., King, R., Raue, P., Schweitzer, R., & Lambert, W. (2006). Clinical supervision: Its influence on client-rated working alliance and client symptom reduction in the brief treatment of major depression. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500268524
- Barker, K. K., & Hunsley, J. (2013). The use of theoretical models in psychology supervisor development research from 1994 to 2010: A systematic review. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 54, 176. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029694
- Barker, K. K., & Hunsley, J. (2014). Reliability and validity of the psychotherapy supervisor development scale: A meta-analytic evaluation. The Clinical Supervisor, 33, 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2014.978588
- Bearman, S. K., Schneiderman, R. L., & Zoloth, E. (2017). Building an evidence base for effective supervision practices: An analogue experiment of supervision to increase EBT fidelity. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44 293–307.
- Beck, J. S., Sarnat, J. E., & Barenstein, V. (2008). Psychotherapy-based approaches to supervision. In C. A. Falender & E. P. Shafranske (Eds.), Casebook for clinical supervision (pp. 57–96). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Bender, S., & Dykeman, C. (2016). Supervisees’ perceptions of effective supervision: A comparison of fully synchronous cybersupervision to traditional methods. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 34, 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2016.1250026
- Bennett-Levy, J., McManus, F., Westling, B. E., & Fennell, M. (2009). Acquiring and refining CBT skills and competencies: Which training methods are perceived to be most effective? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465809990270
- Berger, V. W., & Alperson, S. Y. (2009). A general framework for the evaluation of clinical trial quality. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials, 4, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.2174/157488709788186021
- Bernard, J., & Goodyear, R. (2014). Fundamentals of clinical supervision. Harlow: Pearson Education.
- Blackburn, I.-M., James, I., Milne, D., Baker, C., Standart, S., Garland, A., & Reichelt, F. K. (2001). The revised cognitive therapy scale (CTS-R): Psychometric properties. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 431–446. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465801004040
- Carmel, A., Villatte, J. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Chalker, S., & Comtois, K. A. (2016). Applying technological approaches to clinical supervision in dialectical behavior therapy: A randomized feasibility trial of the bug-in-the-eye (BITE) model. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23, 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.08.001
- Carroll, K. M., Ball, S. A., Nich, C., Martino, S., Frankforter, T. L., Farentinos, C., … Obert, J. L. (2006). Motivational interviewing to improve treatment engagement and outcome in individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse: A multisite effectiveness study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81, 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.002
- Cucciare, M. A., Weingardt, K. R., & Villafranca, S. (2008). Using blended learning to implement evidence-based psychotherapies. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00141.x
- Cummings, J. A., Ballantyne, E. C., & Scallion, L. M. (2015). Essential processes for cognitive behavioral clinical supervision: Agenda setting, problem-solving, and formative feedback. Psychotherapy, 52, 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038712
- Davidson, K. M., Rankin, M. L., Begley, A., Lloyd, S., Barry, S. J., McSkimming, P., … Bienkowski, G. (2017). Assessing patient progress in psychological therapy through feedback in supervision: The MeMOS* randomized controlled trial (* Measuring and monitoring clinical outcomes in supervision: MeMOS). Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 45, 209–224.
- Ellis, M. V., Berger, L., Hanus, A. E., Ayala, E. E., Swords, B. A., & Siembor, M. (2013). Inadequate and harmful clinical supervision testing a revised framework and assessing occurrence. The Counseling Psychologist, 42, 434–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000013508656
- Ellis, M. V., Ladany, N., Krengel, M., & Schult, D. (1996). Clinical supervision research from 1981 to 1993: A methodological critique. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.1.35
- Fairburn, C. G., & Cooper, Z. (2011). Therapist competence, therapy quality, and therapist training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 373–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.005
- Falender, C. A., Cornish, J. A. E., Goodyear, R., Hatcher, R., Kaslow, N. J., Leventhal, G., … Grus, C. (2004). Defining competencies in psychology supervision: A consensus statement. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 771–785. https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4679
- Falender, C. A., Shafranske, E. P., & Ofek, A. (2014). Competent clinical supervision: Emerging effective practices. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 27, 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2014.934785
- Follette, W. C., & Callaghan, G. M. (1995). Do as I do, not as I say: A behavior-analytic approach to supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.26.4.413
- Freitas, G. J. (2002). The impact of psychotherapy supervision on client outcome: A critical examination of 2 decades of research. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 39, 354–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.39.4.354
- Gonsalvez, C. J., Wahnon, T., & Deane, F. P. (2016). Goal-setting, feedback, and assessment practices reported by Australian clinical supervisors. Australian Psychologist, 52, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12175
- Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J. M., Gavaghan, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (1996). Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Controlled Clinical Trials, 17, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4
- Ladany, N., Mori, Y., & Mehr, K. E. (2013). Effective and ineffective supervision. The Counseling Psychologist, 41, 28–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012442648
- Lambert, M. J., & Ogles, B. M. (1997). The effectiveness of psychotherapy supervision. In C. E. Watkins (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 421–446). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Lau, N., & Weisz, J. (2012). Manual for the cognitive behavioral therapy competence observational measure of performance with youth depression (CBTCOMP-YD). Unpublished manuscript. Cambridge, MA: Department of Psychology, Harvard University.
- Liese, B. S., & Beck, J. S. (1997). Cognitive therapy supervision. In C. E. Watkins (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 114–133). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Linden, M. (2013). How to define, find and classify side effects in psychotherapy: From unwanted events to adverse treatment reactions. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20, 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.v20.4
- Madson, M. B., Loignon, A. C., & Lane, C. (2009). Training in motivational interviewing: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.05.005
- Martino, S., Paris, M., Añez, L., Nich, C., Canning-Ball, M., Hunkele, K., … Carroll, K. M. (2016). The effectiveness and cost of clinical supervision for motivational interviewing: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 68, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2016.04.005
- Milne, D. (2007). An empirical definition of clinical supervision. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466507X197415
- Milne, D. (2009). Evidence-based clinical supervision: Principles and practice. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
- Milne, D., Aylott, H., Fitzpatrick, H., & Ellis, M. (2008). How does clinical supervision work? Using a “best evidence synthesis” approach to construct a basic model of supervision. The Clinical Supervisor, 27, 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325220802487915
- Milne, D., & Dunkerley, C. (2010). Towards evidence-based clinical supervision: The development and evaluation of four CBT guidelines. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 3, 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X10000048
- Milne, D., & James, I. (2000). A systematic review of effective cognitive-behavioural supervision. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466500163149
- Milne, D., Pilkington, J., Gracie, J., & James, I. (2003). Transferring skills from supervision to therapy: A qualitative and quantitative N=1 analysis. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31, 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465803002078
- Milne, D., & Reiser, R. (2011). Observing competence in CBT supervision: A systematic review of the available instruments. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 4, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X11000067
- Milne, D., Reiser, R., Aylott, H., Dunkerley, C., Fitzpatrick, H., & Wharton, S. (2010). The systematic review as an empirical approach to improving CBT supervision. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3, 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2010.3.3.278
- Milne, D., Reiser, R., Cliffe, T., Breese, L., Boon, A., Raine, R., & Scarratt, P. (2011). A qualitative comparison of cognitive-behavioural and evidence-based clinical supervision. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 4, 152–166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X11000092
- Milne, D., Reiser, R., Cliffe, T., & Raine, R. (2011). SAGE: Preliminary evaluation of an instrument for observing competence in CBT supervision. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 4, 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X11000079
- Milne, D., & Reiser, R. P. (2012). A rationale for evidence-based clinical supervision. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 42, 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-011-9199-8
- Mitcheson, L., Bhavsar, K., & McCambridge, J. (2009). Randomized trial of training and supervision in motivational interviewing with adolescent drug treatment practitioners. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 37, 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.11.001
- Muse, K., & McManus, F. (2013). A systematic review of methods for assessing competence in cognitive–behavioural therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 484–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.010
- Muse, K., McManus, F., Rakovshik, S., & Thwaites, R. (2017). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Assessment of Core CBT Skills (ACCS): An observation-based tool for assessing cognitive behavioral therapy competence. Psychological Assessment, 29, 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000372
- Olds, K., & Hawkins, R. (2014). Precursors to measuring outcomes in clinical supervision: A thematic analysis. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 8, 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000034
- Padesky, C. A. (1996). Developing cognitive therapist competency: Teaching and supervision models. Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy, 8, 266–292.
- Pretorius, W. M. (2006). Cognitive behavioural therapy supervision: Recommended practice. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 413–420. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465806002876
- Rakovshik, S. G., & McManus, F. (2010). Establishing evidence-based training in cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of current empirical findings and theoretical guidance. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 496–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.004
- Rakovshik, S. G., McManus, F., Vazquez-Montes, M., Muse, K., & Ougrin, D. (2016). Is supervision necessary? Examining the effects of internet-based CBT training with and without supervision. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000079
- Reiser, R., & Milne, D. (2012). Supervising cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy: Pressing needs, impressing possibilities. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 42, 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-011-9200-6
- Rosenbaum, M., & Ronen, T. (1998). Clinical supervision from the standpoint of cognitive-behavior therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 35, 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087705
- Rousmaniere, T., & Frederickson, J. (2013). Internet-based one-way-mirror supervision for advanced psychotherapy training. The Clinical Supervisor, 32, 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2013.778683
- Rousmaniere, T., Swift, J. K., Babins-Wagner, R., Whipple, J. L., & Berzins, S. (2016). Supervisor variance in psychotherapy outcome in routine practice. Psychotherapy Research, 26, 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.963730
- Scaife, J., & Inskipp, F. (2001). Supervision in the mental health professions: A practitioner’s guide. Hove: Brunner-Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203360941
- Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Medicine, 8, 18–19.
- Schwalbe, C. S., Oh, H. Y., & Zweben, A. (2014). Sustaining motivational interviewing: A meta-analysis of training studies. Addiction, 109, 1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12558
- Sholomskas, D. E., Syracuse-Siewert, G., Rounsaville, B. J., Ball, S. A., Nuro, K. F., & Carroll, K. M. (2005). We don’t train in vain: A dissemination trial of three strategies of training clinicians in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.106
- Smith, J. L., Carpenter, K. M., Amrhein, P. C., Brooks, A. C., Levin, D., Schreiber, E. A., … Nunes, E. V. (2012). Training substance abuse clinicians in motivational interviewing using live supervision via teleconferencing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 450–464. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028176
- Spence, S. H., Wilson, J., Kavanagh, D., Strong, J., & Worrall, L. (2001). Clinical supervision in four mental health professions: A review of the evidence. Behaviour Change, 18, 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.18.3.135
- Tanner, M. A., Gray, J. J., & Haaga, D. A. (2012). Association of cotherapy supervision with client outcomes, attrition, and trainee effectiveness in a psychotherapy training clinic. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 1241–1252. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.2012.68.issue-12
- Turner, L. B., Fischer, A. J., & Luiselli, J. K. (2016). Towards a competency-based, ethical, and socially valid approach to the supervision of applied behavior analytic trainees. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 9, 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-016-0121-4
- Vallis, T. M., Shaw, B. F., & Dobson, K. S. (1986). The Cognitive Therapy Scale: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.54.3.381
- Waller, G. (2009). Evidence-based treatment and therapist drift. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.018
- Wampold, B. E., & Holloway, E. L. (1997). Methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy supervision research. In C. Edward Watkins (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 11–27). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
- Watkins, C. E. (2011). Does psychotherapy supervision contribute to patient outcomes? Considering thirty years of research. The Clinical Supervisor, 30, 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/07325223.2011.619417
- Watkins Jr., C. E., Schneider, L. J., Hayes, J., & Nieberding, R. (1995). Measuring psychotherapy supervisor development: An initial effort at scale development and validation. The Clinical Supervisor, 13, 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v13n01_06
- Weck, F., Jakob, M., Neng, J., Höfling, V., Grikscheit, F., & Bohus, M. (2016). The effects of bug-in-the-eye supervision on therapeutic alliance and therapist competence in cognitive-behavioural therapy: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23, 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1968
- Wheeler, S., & Richards, K. (2007). The impact of clinical supervision on counsellors and therapists, their practice and their clients. A systematic review of the literature. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 7, 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733140601185274
- White, E. (2017). Claims to the benefits of clinical supervision: A critique of the policy development process and outcomes in New South Wales, Australia. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 26, 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.2017.26.issue-1
- Wilson, H., Davies, J. S., & Weatherhead, S. (2016). Trainee therapists’ experiences of supervision during training: A meta-synthesis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23, 340–351.
- Yeh, C. J., Chang, T., Chiang, L., Drost, C. M., Spelliscy, D., Carter, R. T., & Chang, Y. (2008). Development, content, process and outcome of an online peer supervision group for counselor trainees. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 2889–2903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.04.010
- Young, J., & Beck, A. T. (1980). Cognitive therapy scale: Rating manual. Unpublished manuscript, 36th.