References
- Abramowitz, J. S., Fabricant, L. E., Taylor, S., Deacon, B. J., McKay, D., & Storch, E. A. (2014). The relevance of analogue studies for understanding obsessions and compulsions. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 206–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.004
- Abramowitz, J. S., & Jacoby, R. J. (2014). Scrupulosity: A cognitive-behavioral analysis and implications for treatment. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(2), 140–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.12.007
- Avery, A., Chase, J., Johansson, L., Litvak, S., Montero, D., & Wydra, M. (2007). America’s changing attitudes toward homosexuality, civil unions, and same-gender marriage: 1977-2004. Social Work, 52(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/52.1.71
- Broderick, J., Grisham, J. R., & Weidemann, G. (2013). Disgust and fear responding in contamination-based obsessive-compulsive disorder during pictorial exposure. Behavior Therapy, 44(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2012.05.005
- Chapman, H. A., & Anderson, A. K. (2012). Understanding disgust. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1251(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06369.x
- Chase, T., Wetterneck, C. T., Bartsch, R. A., Leonard, R. C., & Riemann, B. C. (2015). Investigating treatment outcomes across OCD symptom dimensions in a clinical sample of OCD patients. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(5), 365–376. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2015.1015162
- Ching, T. H. W., Williams, M. T., Siev, J., & Olatunji, B. O. (2018). Responsibility/threat overestimation moderates the relationship between contamination-based disgust and obsessive-compulsive concerns about sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 1109–1117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1165-z
- Costa, A. B., Bandeira, D. R., & Nardi, H. C. (2013). Systematic review of instruments measuring homophobia and related constructs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(6), 1324–1332. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12140
- Cramer, R., Hexem, S., LaPollo, A., Cuffe, K. M., Chesson, H. W., & Leichliter, J. S. (2017). State and local policies related to sexual orientation in the United States. Journal of Public Health Policy, 38(1), 58–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-016-0037-9
- Druschel, B. A., & Sherman, M. F. (1999). Disgust sensitivity as a function of the big five and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 15(4), 739–748. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00196-2
- Durell, M., Chiong, C., & Battle, J. (2007). Race, gender expectations, and homophobia: A quantitative exploration. Race, Gender & Class, 14(1–2), 299–317. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41675211
- Fergus, T. A., & Valentiner, D. P. (2009). The disgust propensity and sensitivity scale-revised: An examination of a reduced-item version. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 703–710. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.009.
- Fisher, A., Castellini, G., Ristori, J., Casale, H., Giovanardi, G., Carone, N., Fanni, E., Mosconi, M., Ciocca, G., Jannini, E. A., Ricca, V., Lingiardi, V., & Maggi, M. (2017). Who has the worst attitudes toward sexual minorities? Comparison of transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, the general population and health care providers. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 40, 263–273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-016-0552-3
- Forray, A., Focseneanu, M., Pittman, B., McDougle, C. J., & Epperson, C. N. (2010). Onset and exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(8), 1061–1068. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.09m05381blu
- Glazier, K., Calixte, R. M., Rothschild, R., & Pinto, A. (2013). High rates of OCD symptom misidentification by mental health professionals. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 25(3), 201–209.
- Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2 ed.). Guilford Press.
- Herek, G. M. (2004). Beyond “homophobia”: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century. Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC, 1(2), 6–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6
- Huppert, J. D., & Siev, J. (2010). Treating scrupulosity in religious individuals using cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(4), 382–392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.07.003
- Kearney, M. (2017). Cross lagged panel analysis. In M. R. Allen (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods (pp. 313–314). SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Knowles, K. A., Jessup, S. C., & Olatunji, B. O. (2018). Disgust in anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders: Recent findings and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(68), 68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0936-5
- Lingiardi, V., Nardelli, N., Ioverno, S., Falanga, S., Chiacchio, C., Tanzilli, A., & Baiocco, R. (2016). Homonegativity in Italy: Cultural issues, personality characteristics, and demographic correlates with negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 13, 95–108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-015-0197-6
- Moscovitch, D. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., Rocca, L., & Swinson, R. P. (2008). Anger experience and expression across the anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 25(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20280
- Oaten, M. J., Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2009). Disgust as a disease-avoidance mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 303–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014823
- Olatunji, B. O. (2008). Disgust, scrupulosity and conservative attitudes about sex: Evidence for a mediational model of homophobia. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1364–1369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.001
- Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., Deacon, B. J., Connolly, K., & Lohr, J. M. (2007). The disgust propensity and sensitivity scale-revised: Psychometric properties and specificity in relation to anxiety disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(7), 918–930. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.005
- Olatunji, B. O., Ebesutani, C., Haidt, J., & Sawchuk, C. N. (2014). Specificity of disgust domains in the prediction of contamination anxiety and avoidance: A multimodal examination. Behavior Therapy, 45(4), 469–481. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.006
- Olatunji, B. O., & Sawchuk, C. N. (2005). Disgust: Characteristic features, social manifestations, and clinical implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(7), 932–962. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.7.932
- Olatunji, B. O., Tart, C. D., Ciesielski, B. G., McGrath, P. B., & Smits, J. A. J. (2011). Specificity of disgust vulnerability in the distinction and treatment of OCD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(9), 1236–1242. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.018
- Simpson, J., Carter, S., Anthony, S. H., & Overton, P. G. (2006). Is disgust a homogeneous emotion? Motivation and Emotion, 30(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9005-1
- Taboas, W., Ojserkis, R., & McKay, D. (2014). Change in disgust reactions following cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.06.002
- Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2009). Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 103–112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015474
- van Overveld, M., de Jong, P. J., Peters, M. L., Cavanagh, K., & Davey, G. C. L. (2006). Disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity: Separate constructs that are differentially related to specific fears. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(7), 1241–1252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.021
- Whiteside, S. P., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2004). Obsessive–compulsive symptoms and the expression of anger. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(2), 259–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COTR.0000021544.64104.29
- Williams, M. (2008). Homosexuality anxiety: A misunderstood form of OCD. In L. V. Sebeki (Ed.), Leading-edge health education issues (pp. 195–205). Nova Science Publishers.
- Williams, M. T., Ching, T. H. W., Tellawi, G., Siev, J., Dowell, J., Schlaudt, V., Slimowicz, J. C., & Wetterneck, C. T. (2018). Assessing sexual orientation symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: development and validation of the sexual orientation obsessions and reactions test (SORT). Behavior Therapy, 49(5), 715–729. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.12.005
- Williams, M. T., Crozier, M., & Powers, M. B. (2011). Treatment of sexual orientation obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder using exposure and ritual prevention. Clinical Case Studies, 10(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650110393732
- Williams, M. T., Davis, D. M., Tellawi, G., & Slimowicz, J. (2015). Assessment and treatment of sexual orientation obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Australian Clinical Psychologist, 1(1), 12–18.
- Williams, M. T., & Farris, S. G. (2011). Sexual orientation obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Prevalence and correlates. Psychiatry Research, 187(1–2), 156–159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.019
- Williams, M. T., Farris, S. G., Turkheimer, E. N., Franklin, M. E., Simpson, H. B., Liebowitz, M., & Foa, E. B. (2014). The impact of symptom dimensions on outcome for exposure and ritual prevention therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(6), 553–558. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.001
- Williams, M. T., Slimowicz, J., Tellawi, G., & Wetterneck, C. (2014). Sexual orientation symptoms in obsessive compulsive disorder: Assessment and treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy. Directions in Psychiatry, 34(1), 37–50.
- Williams, M. T., Wetterneck, C., Tellawi, G., & Duque, G. (2015). Domains of distress among people with sexual orientation obsessions. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 783–789. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0421-0
- Williams, M. T., Wetterneck, C. T., Hart, J., Lee, E., & Russell, S. (2019). Step-by-step treatment manual. In M. T. Williams & C. T. Wetterneck (Eds.), Sexual obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A step-by-step, definitive guide to understanding, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 87–136). Oxford University Press.
- Wright, L. W., Jr., Adams, H. E., & Bernat, J. A. (1999). Development and validation of the homophobia scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21(4), 337–347. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022172816258