Difficulties with emotion regulation and drinking during the COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduates: the serial mediation of COVID-related distress and drinking to cope with the pandemic

References

• Adams, P. R., & Adams, G. R. (1984). Mount Saint Helens’s ashfall. Evidence for a disaster stress reaction. The American Psychologist, 39(3), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.39.3.252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amstadter, A. (2008). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(2), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurora, P., & Klanecky, A. K. (2016). Drinking motives mediate emotion regulation difficulties and problem drinking in college students. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 42(3), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2015.1133633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berking, M., Margraf, M., Ebert, D., Wupperman, P., Hofmann, S. G., & Junghanns, K. (2011). Deficits in emotion-regulation skills predict alcohol use during and after cognitive-behavioral therapy for alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(3), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., & Galea, S. (2006). Alcohol use in New York after the terrorist attacks: A study of the effects of psychological trauma on drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 31(4), 606–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromage, E. (2020). People in their 20s and 30s are spreading the virus. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/22/opinions/20-and-30-year-olds-spreading-covid-19-bromage/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Buckner, J. D., Lewis, E. M., Terlecki, M. A., Albery, I. P., & Moss, A. C. (2020). Context-specific drinking and social anxiety: The roles of anticipatory anxiety and post-event processing. Addictive Behaviors, 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavicchioli, M., Movalli, M., & Maffei, C. (2019). Difficulties with emotion regulation, mindfulness, and substance use disorder severity: The mediating role of self-regulation of attention and acceptance attitudes. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2018.1511724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1983). Infrequency scale. Unpublished test.
   Google Scholar
• Ciesla, J. A., Dickson, K. S., Anderson, N. L., & Neal, D. J. (2011). Negative repetitive thought and college drinking: Angry rumination, depressive rumination, co-rumination, and worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(2), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9355-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Feldner, M. T., & Forsyth, J. P. (2010). Emotion regulation and the anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(1), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9161-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. S., Iglesias, B., & Minor, K. S. (2009). The neurocognitive underpinnings of diminished expressivity in schizotypy: What the voice reveals. Schizophrenia Research, 109(1–3), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2 ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, R. L., Parks, G. A., & Marlatt, G. A. (1985). Social determinants of alcohol consumption: The effects of social interaction and model status on the self-administration of alcohol. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(2), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.53.2.189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, S. E., Carey, K. B., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2002). Mailed personalized normative feedback as a brief intervention for at-risk college drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(5), 559–567. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2002.63.559
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conklin, L. R., Cassiello-Robbins, C., Brake, C. A., Sauer-Zavala, S., Farchione, T. J., Ciraulo, D. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2015). Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 73, 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Đogaš, Z., Lušić Kalcina, L., Pavlinac Dodig, I., Demirović, S., Madirazza, K., Valić, M., & Pecotić, R. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle and mood in Croatian general population: A cross-sectional study. Croatian Medical Journal, 61(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2020.61.309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak, R. D., Sargent, E. M., Kilwein, T. M., Stevenson, B. L., Kuvaas, N. J., & Williams, T. J. (2014). Alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences: Associations with emotion regulation difficulties. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2013.877920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, H. C., Hong, K. A., & Sinha, R. (2008). Difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control in recently abstinent alcoholics compared with social drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 33(2), 388–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Long, L. J., Rogers, A. H., & Garey, L. (in press). The impact of COVID-19 experiences and associated stress on anxiety, depression, and functional impairment in American adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10143-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Leyro, T. M., & Marshall, E. C. (2008). An evaluation of anxiety sensitivity, emotional dysregulation, and negative affectivity among daily cigarette smokers: Relation to smoking motives and barriers to quitting. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, V. V., Stewart, S. H., O’Connor, R. M., Blackwell, E., & Conrod, P. J. (2007). Psychometric evaluation of the five-factor modified drinking motives questionnaire–revised in undergraduates. Addictive Behaviors, 32(11), 2611–2632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieger, T. A., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use, and perceived safety after the terrorist attack on the pentagon. Psychiatric Services, 54(10), 1380–1382. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.54.10.1380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. 2. The Guilford Press
   Google Scholar
• Henslee, A. M., Buckner, J. D., & Irons, J. G. (2015). The impact of campus traditions and event-specific drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 45, 180–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A., & Asnaani, A. (2012). Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 29(5), 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, S., Yule, W., Williams, R., & Hodgkinson, P. (1993). Increased substance use in survivors of the herald of free enterprise disaster. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 66(Pt 2), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01740.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungmann, S. M., & Witthoft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., & Kwon, J. H. (2020). Moderation effect of emotion regulation on the relationship between social anxiety, drinking motives and alcohol related problems among university students. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08776-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechner, W. V., Laurene, K. R., Patel, S., Anderson, M., Grega, C., & Kenne, D. R. (2020). Changes in alcohol use as a function of psychological distress and social support following COVID-19 related University closings. Addictive Behaviors, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magill, M., Kiluk, B. D., McCrady, B. S., Tonigan, J. S., & Longabaugh, R. (2015). Active ingredients of treatment and client mechanisms of change in behavioral treatments for alcohol use disorders: Progress 10 years later. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39(10), 1852–1862. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(10), 1281–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messman-Moore, T. L., & Ward, R. M. (2014). Emotion dysregulation and coping drinking motives in college women. American Journal of Health Behavior, 38(4), 553–559. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.38.4.8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. E., & Racine, S. E. (2020). Emotion regulation difficulties as common and unique predictors of impulsive behaviors in university students. Journal of American College Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1799804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naimi, T. S., Nelson, D. E., & Brewer, R. D. (2010). The intensity of binge alcohol consumption among US adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(2), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Atkins, D. C., Lewis, M. A., Kaysen, D., Mittmann, A., Fossos, N., Geisner, I. M., Zheng, C., & Larimer, M. E. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of event-specific prevention strategies for reducing problematic drinking associated with 21st birthday celebrations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(5), 850–862. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Fossos, N., & Walter, T. (2009). Internet-based personalized feedback to reduce 21st-birthday drinking: A randomized controlled trial of an event-specific prevention intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick, M. E., Terry‐McElrath, Y. M., Miech, R. A., Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2017). Age‐specific prevalence of binge and high‐intensity drinking among US young adults: Changes from 2005 to 2015. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 41(7), 1319–1328. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulus, D. J., Valadka, J., Businelle, M. S., Gallagher, M. W., Viana, A. G., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017). Emotion dysregulation explains associations between anxiety sensitivity and hazardous drinking and drinking motives among adult treatment-seeking smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(2), 189. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson, H., Manley, B., & Hernandez, S. (2020). Tracking coronavirus’ global spread. CNN Health. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/health/coronavirus-maps-and-cases/
   Google Scholar
• Pollard, M. S., Tucker, J. S., & Green, H. D., Jr. (2020). Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Network Open, 3(9), e2022942–e2022942. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, W., & Stucka, M. (2020). Louisiana: The rare case of a state ravaged twice by COVID-19. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/2020/08/01/louisiana-second-covid-19-wave-worse-than-first-no-1-per-capita/5558862002/
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. (Web-based archive of norms, stimuli, and data: Part 2). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, A. H., Shepherd, J. M., Garey, L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020). Psychological factors associated with substance use initiation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, Z., Weinberger-Litman, S. L., Rosenzweig, C., Rosmarin, D. H., Muennig, P., Carmody, E. R., & Litman, L. (2020). Anxiety and distress among the first community quarantined in the US due to COVID-19: Psychological implications for the unfolding crisis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7eq8c
   Google Scholar
• Shoal, G. D., Castaneda, J. O., & Giancola, P. R. (2005). Worry moderates the relation between negative affectivity and affect-related substance use in adolescent males: A prospective study of maladaptive emotional self-regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(2), 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. W., Christiansen, E. H., Vincent, R., & Hann, N. E. (1999). Population effects of the bombing of Oklahoma City. The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association, 92(4), 193–198. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10213972/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). Results from the 2019 national survey on drug use and health: Detailed tables. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veilleux, J. C., Skinner, K. D., Reese, E. D., & Shaver, J. A. (2014). Negative affect intensity influences drinking to cope through facets of emotion dysregulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 59(59), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, M., & Ulkins, G. (2020). Coronavirus cases in young adults surpass all other age groups in La. WAFB Channel 9. https://www.wafb.com/2020/06/22/coronavirus-cases-young-adults-surpass-all-other-age-groups-la/
   Google Scholar
• Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Boscarino, J. A., Gold, J., Bucuvalas, M., & Kilpatrick, D. (2004). Consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among New York City residents six months after the September 11 terrorist attacks. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30(2), 385–407. https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-120037384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardell, J. D., Kempe, T., Rapinda, K. K., Single, A., Bilevicius, E., Frohlich, J. R., Hendershot, C. S., & Keough, M. T. (2020). Drinking to cope during COVID-19 pandemic: The role of external and internal factors in coping motive pathways to alcohol use, solitary drinking, and alcohol problems. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 43(10), 2073–2083. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14425
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg, A., & Klonsky, E. D. (2009). Measurement of emotion dysregulation in adolescents. Psycholical Assessment, 21(4), 616–621. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) weekly epidemiological update. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200831-weekly-epi-update-3.pdf?sfvrsn=d7032a2a_4
   Google Scholar
• Wu, J., & Chiwaya, N. (2020). Coronavirus deaths: U.S. map shows number of fatalities compared to confirmed cases. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-deaths-u-s-map-shows-number-fatalities-compared-confirmed-n1166966
   Google Scholar
• Wu, P., Liu, X., Fang, Y., Fan, B., Fuller, C. J., Guan, Z., Yao, Z., Kong, J., Lu, J., & Litvak, I. J. (2008). Alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a SARS outbreak. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 43(6), 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agn073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvolensky, M. J., Garey, L., Rogers, A. H., Schmidt, N. B., Vujanovic, A. A., Storch, E. A., Buckner, J. D., Paulus, D. J., Alfano, C., Smits, J. A. J., & O’Cleirigh, C. (2020). Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 134(103715), 103715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar