348
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The long shadow of early-change patterns: a 3-year follow-up after the use of a web-based intervention for mild to moderate depressive symptoms

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Received 25 Dec 2023, Accepted 31 May 2024, Published online: 24 Jun 2024

References

  • Arndt, A., Lutz, W., Rubel, J., Berger, T., Meyer, B., Schröder, J., Späth, C., Hautzinger, M., Fuhr, K., Rose, M., Hohagen, F., Klein, J. P., & Moritz, S. (2020). Identifying change-dropout patterns during an internet-based intervention for depression by applying the Muthen-Roy model. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 49(1), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2018.1556331
  • Barkham, M., de Jong, K., Delgadillo, J., & Lutz, W. (2023). Routine outcome monitoring (ROM) and feedback: Research review and recommendations. Psychotherapy Research, 33(7), 841–855. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2023.2181114
  • Bauer, D. J. (2008). Observations on the use of growth mixture models in psychological research. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(4), 757–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170701710338
  • Bauer, D. J. (2011). Evaluating individual differences in psychological processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411402670
  • Beard, J. I. L., & Delgadillo, J. (2019). Early response to psychological therapy as a predictor of depression and anxiety treatment outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 36(9), 866–878. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22931
  • Beevers, C. G., Pearson, R., Hoffman, J. S., Foulser, A. A., Shumake, J., & Meyer, B. (2017). Effectiveness of an internet intervention (deprexis) for depression in a united states adult sample: A parallel-group pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(4), 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000171
  • Berger, T., Hämmerli, K., Gubser, N., Andersson, G., & Caspar, F. (2011). Internet-based treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial comparing guided with unguided self-help. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 40(4), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2011.616531
  • Berger, T., Krieger, T., Sude, K., Meyer, B., & Maercker, A. (2018). Evaluating an e-mental health program (“deprexis”) as adjunctive treatment tool in psychotherapy for depression: Results of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.021
  • Berryhill, M. B., Culmer, N., Williams, N., Halli-Tierney, A., Betancourt, A., Roberts, H., & King, M. (2019). Videoconferencing psychotherapy and depression: A systematic review. Telemedicine and E-Health, 25(6), 435–446. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2018.0058
  • Bücker, L., Bierbrodt, J., Hand, I., Wittekind, C., Moritz, S., & van Wouwe, J. P. (2018). Effects of a depression-focused internet intervention in slot machine gamblers: A randomized controlled trial. Public Library of Science ONE, 13(6), e0198859. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198859
  • Constantino, M. J. (2012). Believing is seeing: An evolving research program on patients’ psychotherapy expectations. Psychotherapy Research, 22(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.663512
  • Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life‐tables (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 34(2), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x
  • Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Ciharova, M., Miguel, C., Noma, H., & Furukawa, T. A. (2021). The effects of psychotherapies for depression on response, remission, reliable change, and deterioration: A meta‐analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 144(3), 288–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13335
  • Donker, T., van Straten, A., Marks, I., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). A brief web-based screening questionnaire for common mental disorders: Development and validation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11(3), e19. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1134
  • Firth, N., Saxon, D., Stiles, W. B., & Barkham, M. (2019). Therapist and clinic effects in psychotherapy: A three-level model of outcome variability. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000388
  • Fischer, A., Schröder, J., Vettorazzi, E., Wolf, O. T., Pöttgen, J., Lau, S., Heesen, C., Moritz, S., & Gold, S. M. (2015). An online programme to reduce depression in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(3), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00049-2
  • Fisher, L. D., Dixon, D. O., Herson, J., Frankowski, R. K., Hearron, M. S., & Peace, K. E. (1990). Intention to treat in clinical trials. In K. E. Peace (Ed.), Statistical issues in drug research and development (pp. 331–350). Marcel Dekker.
  • Fuhr, K., Schröder, J., Berger, T., Moritz, S., Meyer, B., Lutz, W., Hohagen, F., Hautzinger, M., & Klein, J. P. (2018). The association between adherence and outcome in an internet intervention for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 229, 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.028
  • Fuhr, K., Werle, D., & Batra, A. (2022). How does early symptom change predict subsequent course of depressive symptoms during psychotherapy? Psychology and Psychotherapy, 95(1), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12370
  • Gold, S. M., Friede, T., Meyer, B., Moss-Morris, R., Hudson, J., Asseyer, S., Bellmann-Strobl, J., Leisdon, A., Ißels, L., Ritter, K., Schymainski, D., Pomeroy, H., Lynch, S. G., Cozart, J. S., Thelen, J., Román, C. A. F., Cadden, M., Guty, E., Lau, S., Pöttgen, J., et al. (2023). Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy programme to reduce depressive symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Digital Health, 5(10), e668–e678. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00109-7
  • Gräfe, V., Moritz, S., & Greiner, W. (2020). Health economic evaluation of an internet intervention for depression (deprexis), a randomized controlled trial. Health Economics Review, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-020-00273-0
  • Hammelrath, L., Hilbert, K., Heinrich, M., Zagorscak, P., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2023). Select or adjust? How information from early treatment stages boosts the prediction of non-response in internet-based depression treatment. Psychological Medicine, 54(8), 1641–1650. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723003537
  • Humer, E., Kocsis-Bogar, K., Berger, T., Schröder, J., Späth, C., Meyer, B., Moritz, S., Lutz, W., Probst, T., & Klein, J. P. (2020). A comparison of the three year course between chronic depression and depression with multiple vs. few prior episodes. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113235
  • IBM Corp. (2021). IBM SPSS statistics for windows (Version 28.0) [ Computer software]. IBM Corp.
  • Kaiser, T., Boschloo, L., Berger, T., Meyer, B., Späth-Nellissen, C., Schröder, J., Hohagen, F., Moritz, S., & Klein, J. P. (2021). Maintaining outcomes of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression: A network analysis of follow-up effects. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 598317. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.598317
  • Klein, J. P., Barthel, B., Berger, T., & Moritz, S. (2020). Feasibility, effectiveness and safety of the self-management intervention deprexis in routine medical care: Results of an uncontrolled observational study. Internet Interventions, 22, 100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2020.100341
  • Klein, J. P., Berger, T., Schröder, J., Späth, C., Meyer, B., Caspar, F., Lutz, W., Arndt, A., Greiner, W., Gräfe, V., Hautzinger, M., Fuhr, K., Rose, M., Nolte, S., Löwe, B., Anderssoni, G., Vettorazzi, E., Moritz, S., & Hohagen, F. (2016). Effects of a psychological internet intervention in the treatment of mild to moderate depressive symptoms: Results of the EVIDENT study, a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(4), 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445355
  • Klein, J. P., Berger, T., Schröder, J., Späth, C., Meyer, M., Caspar, F., Lutz, W., Greiner, W., Hautzinger, M., Rose, M., Gräfe, V., Hohagen, F., Andersson, G., Vettorazzi, E., & Moritz, S. (2013). The EVIDENT-trial: Protocol and rationale of a multicenter randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of an online-based psychological intervention. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 239. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-239
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  • Lopes, R. T., da Rocha, G. C., Svacina, M. A., Meyer, B., Šipka, D., & Berger, T. (2023). Effectiveness of an internet-based self-guided program to treat depression in a sample of Brazilian users: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Formative Research, 7(1), e46326. https://doi.org/10.2196/46326
  • Lutz, W., Arndt, A., Rubel, J., Berger, T., Schröder, J., Späth, C., Meyer, B., Greiner, W., Gräfe, V., Hautzinger, M., Fuhr, K., Rose, M., Nolte, S., Löwe, B., Hohagen, F., Klein, J. P., & Moritz, S. (2017). Defining and predicting patterns of early response in a web-based intervention for depression. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(6), e206. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7367
  • Lutz, W., Deisenhofer, A. K., Rubel, J., Bennemann, B., Giesemann, J., Poster, K., & Schwartz, B. (2022). Prospective evaluation of a clinical decision support system in psychological therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 90(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000642
  • Lutz, W., Deisenhofer, A.-K., Weinmann-Lutz, B., & Barkham, M. (2023). Data-informed clinical training and practice. In L. G. Castonguay & C. E. Hill (Eds.), Training in psychotherapy: Learning, improving, and supervising therapeutic skills (pp. 191–213). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000364-010
  • Lutz, W., de Jong, K., & Rubel, J. (2015). Patient-focused and feedback research in psychotherapy: Where are we and where do we want to go? Psychotherapy Research, 25(6), 625–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1079661
  • Lutz, W., de Jong, K., Rubel, J. A., & Delgadillo, J. (2021). Measuring, predicting, and tracking change in psychotherapy. In M. Barkham, W. Lutz, & L. G. Castonguay (Eds.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: 50th anniversary edition (pp. 89–133). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Lutz, W., Edelbluth, S., Deisenhofer, A.-K., Delgadillo, J., Moggia, D., Prinz, J., & Schwartz, B. (2021). The impact of switching from face-to-face to remote psychological therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 90(4), 285–286. https://doi.org/10.1159/000515543
  • Lutz, W., Hofmann, S. G., Rubel, J., Boswell, J. F., Shear, M. K., Gorman, J. M., Woods, S. W., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). Patterns of early change and their relationship to outcome and early treatment termination in patients with panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035535
  • Lutz, W., Rubel, J., Schwartz, B., Schilling, V., & Deisenhofer, A. (2019). Towards integrating personalized feedback research into clinical practice: Development of the Trier Treatment Navigator (TTN). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 120, 103438. https://doi.org/10.2016/j.brat.2019.103438
  • Lutz, W., Schwartz, B., & Delgadillo, J. (2022). Measurement-based and data-informed psychological therapy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 71–98. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071720-014821
  • Lutz, W., Stulz, N., & Köck, K. (2009). Patterns of early change and their relationship to outcome and follow-up among patients with major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 118(1–3), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.019
  • Meyer, B., Berger, T., Caspar, F., Beevers, C. G., Andersson, G., & Weiss, M. (2009). Effectiveness of a novel integrative online treatment for depression (deprexis): Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11(2), e15. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1151
  • Meyer, B., Bierbrodt, J., Schröder, J., Berger, T., Beevers, C. G., Weiss, M., Jacob, G., Späth, C., Andersson, G., Lutz, W., Hautzinger, M., Löwe, B., Rose, M., Hohagen, F., Caspar, F., Greiner, W., Moritz, S., & Klein, J. P. (2015). Effects of an internet intervention (deprexis) on severe depression symptoms: Randomized controlled trial. Internet Interventions, 2(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2014.12.003
  • Moritz, S., Schilling, L., Hauschildt, M., Schröder, J., & Treszl, A. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of internet-based therapy in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(7–8), 513–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.006
  • Munder, T., Flückiger, C., Leichsenring, F., Abbass, A. A., Hilsenroth, M. J., Luyten, P., Rabung, S., Steinert, C., & Wampold, B. E. (2019). Is psychotherapy effective? A re-analysis of treatments for depression. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(3), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796018000355
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2014). MPLUS (Version 7.4.) [ Computer software]. Muthén & Muthén.
  • Nagin, D. S., & Odgers, C. L. (2010). Group-based trajectory modeling in clinical research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(1), 109–138. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131413
  • Nierenberg, A. A., & DeCecco, L. M. (2001). Definitions of antidepressant treatment response, remission, nonresponse, partial response, and other relevant outcomes: A focus on treatment-resistant depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62 Suppl 16, 5–9.
  • Nordberg, S. S., Castonguay, L. G., Fisher, A. J., Boswell, J. F., & Kraus, D. (2014). Validating the rapid responder construct within a practice research network. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(9), 886–903. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22077
  • Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A monte carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 535–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396
  • Renaud, J., Brent, D. A., Baugher, M., Birmaher, B., Kolko, D. J., & Bridge, J. (1998). Rapid response to psychosocial treatment for adolescent depression: A two-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1184–1190. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199811000-00019
  • Richter, L. E., Machleit-Ebner, A., Scherbaum, N., & Bonnet, U. (2022). How effective is a web-based mental health intervention (Deprexis) in the treatment of moderate and major depressive disorders when started during routine psychiatric inpatient treatment as an adjunct therapy? A pragmatic parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Fortschritte der Neurologie· Psychiatrie. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1826-2888
  • Rubel J, Lutz W, Kopta S Mark, Köck K, Minami T, Zimmermann D and Saunders S M. (2015). Defining early positive response to psychotherapy: An empirical comparison between clinically significant change criteria and growth mixture modeling. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 478–488. 10.1037/pas0000060
  • Schibbye, P., Ghaderi, A., Ljótsson, B., Hedman, E., Lindefors, N., Rück, C., Kaldo, V., & Chen, K. (2014). Using early change to predict outcome in cognitive behaviour therapy: Exploring timeframe, calculation method, and differences of disorder-specific versus general measures. Public Library of Science ONE, 9(6), e100614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100614
  • Schlagert, H. S., & Hiller, W. (2017). The predictive value of early response in patients with depressive disorders. Psychotherapy Research, 27(4), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2015.1119329
  • Schröder, J., Brückner, K., Fischer, A., Lindenau, M., Köther, U., Vettorazzi, E., & Moritz, S. (2014). Efficacy of a psychological online intervention for depression in people with epilepsy: A randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia, 55(12), 2069–2076. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12833
  • Schwartz, B., Rubel, J. A., Deisenhofer, A.-K., & Lutz, W. (2022). Movement-based patient-therapist attunement in psychological therapy and its association with early change. Digital Health, 8, 205520762211290. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221129098
  • Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136
  • Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., Baker, R., & Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 Suppl 20, 22–57.
  • Stekhoven, D. J., & Bühlmann, P. (2012). Missforest–non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 28(1), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr597
  • Swift, J. K., & Derthick, A. O. (2013). Increasing hope by addressing clients’ outcome expectations. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 50(3), 284. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031941
  • Twomey, C., O’Reilly, G., Bültmann, O., Meyer, B., & Vigo, D. (2020). Effectiveness of a tailored, integrative internet intervention (deprexis) for depression: Updated meta-analysis. Public Library of Science ONE, 15(1), e0228100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228100
  • World Health Organization. (2022). World mental health report: Transforming mental health for all.
  • Zwerenz, R., Baumgarten, C., Becker, J., Tibubos, A., Siepmann, M., Knickenberg, R. J., & Beutel, M. E. (2019). Improving the course of depressive symptoms after inpatient psychotherapy using adjunct web-based self-help: Follow-up results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(10), e13655. https://doi.org/10.2196/13655
  • Zwerenz, R., Becker, J., Knickenberg, R. J., Siepmann, M., Hagen, K., & Beutel, M. E. (2017). Online self-help as an add-on to inpatient psychotherapy: Efficacy of a new blended treatment approach. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 86(6), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481177