Rosmarinic acid suppresses adipogenesis, lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α secretion in macrophages, and inflammatory mediators in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

References

• Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM. Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Nature. 2006;444(7121):847–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul K, Tarr JM, Ahmad SI, et al. Introduction to diabetes mellitus. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;771:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernooij JW, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FL, et al. The prevalence of obesity-related hypertension and risk for new vascular events in patients with vascular diseases. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(10):2118–2123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vucenik I, Stains JP. Obesity and cancer risk: evidence, mechanisms, and recommendations. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2012;1271:37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen ED, MacDougald OA. Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006;7(12):885–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KA, Kim JH, Wang Y, et al. Pref-1 (preadipocyte factor 1) activates the MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway to inhibit adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 2007;27(6):2294–2308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bost F, Aouadi M, Caron L, et al. The role of MAPKs in adipocyte differentiation and obesity. Biochimie. 2005;87(1):51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy L, Skillington J, Derynck R. Roles of autocrine TGF-beta receptor and Smad signaling in adipocyte differentiation. J Cell Biol. 2000;149(3):667–682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsurutani Y, Fujimoto M, Takemoto M, et al. The roles of transforming growth factor-beta and Smad3 signaling in adipocyte differentiation and obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;407(1):68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lass A, Zimmermann R, Oberer M, et al. Lipolysis - a highly regulated multi-enzyme complex mediates the catabolism of cellular fat stores. Prog Lipid Res. 2011;50(1):14–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven GM, Hollenbeck C, Jeng CY, et al. Measurement of plasma glucose, free fatty acid, lactate, and insulin for 24 h in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes. 1988;37(8):1020–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman RN, Ader M. Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2000;11(9):351–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londos C, Brasaemle DL, Schultz CJ, et al. On the control of lipolysis in adipocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;892:155–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sztalryd C, Xu G, Dorward H, et al. Perilipin A is essential for the translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase during lipolytic activation. J Cell Biol. 2003;161(6):1093–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford GM, Londos C, Kraemer FB, et al. Translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin upon lipolytic stimulation of rat adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(7):5011–5015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth A, Magnuson A, Fouts J, et al. Adipose tissue: an endocrine organ playing a role in metabolic regulation. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2016;26.
   Google Scholar
• Bates SH, Myers MG Jr. The role of leptin receptor signaling in feeding and neuroendocrine function. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003;14(10):447–452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minokoshi Y, Kim YB, Peroni OD, et al. Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nature. 2002;415(6869):339–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma AM, Chetty VT. Obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance. Acta Diabetol. 2005;42(Suppl 1):S3–S8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, et al. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature. 2001;409(6818):307–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregor MF, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:415–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourlier V, Bouloumie A. Role of macrophage tissue infiltration in obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab. 2009;35(4):251–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotnikova R, Okruhlicova L, Vlkovicova J, et al. Rosmarinic acid administration attenuates diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction of the rat aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;65(5):713–723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheckel KA, Degner SC, Romagnolo DF. Rosmarinic acid antagonizes activator protein-1-dependent activation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human cancer and nonmalignant cell lines. J Nutr. 2008;138(11):2098–2105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu F, Asada T, Sato A, et al. Rosmarinic acid extract for antioxidant, antiallergic, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities, isolated by supramolecular technique and solvent extraction from Perilla leaves. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(4):885–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamaguchi T, Ono K, Murase A, et al. Phenolic compounds prevent Alzheimer’s pathology through different effects on the amyloid-beta aggregation pathway. Am J Pathol. 2009;175(6):2557–2565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam MA, Subhan N, Hossain H, et al. Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives: a potential class of natural compounds for the management of lipid metabolism and obesity. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016;13:27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan Z, Mah D, Simtchouk S, et al. Human adipose tissue conditioned media from lean subjects is protective against H2O2 induced neurotoxicity in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(1):1221–1231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein DM, Livak MF, Kishimoto K, et al. Targeting signal 1 through CD45RB synergizes with CD40 ligand blockade and promotes long term engraftment and tolerance in stringent transplant models. J Immunol. 2001;166(1):322–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen ED. The molecular control of adipogenesis, with special reference to lymphatic pathology. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002;979:143–158; discussion 88–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemons AP, Holstein DM, Galli A, et al. Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in the rat is significantly ameliorated by treatment with MEK1/2 inhibitors U0126 and PD98059. Pancreas. 2002;25(3):251–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waghabi MC, Keramidas M, Calvet CM, et al. SB-431542, a transforming growth factor beta inhibitor, impairs Trypanosoma cruzi infection in cardiomyocytes and parasite cycle completion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(8):2905–2910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcaro A, Wymann MP. Wortmannin is a potent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor: the role of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in neutrophil responses. Biochem J. 1993;296(Pt 2):297–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubert F, Belacel-Ouari M, Manoury B, et al. Alteration of vascular reactivity in heart failure: role of phosphodiesterases 3 and 4. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(23):5361–5375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC, Rajasekaran M, et al. Potentiation of erectile response and cAMP accumulation by combination of prostaglandin E1 and rolipram, a selective inhibitor of the type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE 4). J Urol. 1999;162(5):1848–1855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, Vasta V, Degerman E, et al. Hormone-sensitive cyclic GMP-inhibited cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in rat adipocytes. Regulation of insulin- and cAMP-dependent activation by phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(20):13385–13390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier MS, Miyoshi H, Souza SC, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase is activated as a consequence of lipolysis in the adipocyte: potential mechanism and physiological relevance. J Biol Chem. 2008;283(24):16514–16524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Rosen ED, Brun R, et al. Cross-regulation of C/EBP alpha and PPAR gamma controls the transcriptional pathway of adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. Mol Cell. 1999;3(2):151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie H, Peng Z, Lao N, et al. Rosmarinic acid ameliorates PTSD-like symptoms in a rat model and promotes cell proliferation in the hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;51:16–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Omri A, Han J, Yamada P, et al. Rosmarinus officinalis polyphenols activate cholinergic activities in PC12 cells through phosphorylation of ERK1/2. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;131(2):451–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TW, Kim YJ, Seo CS, et al. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hylander attenuates renal inflammation and interstitial fibrosis via regulation of TGF-ss and Smad3 expression on unilateral ureteral obstruction rat model. Phytomedicine. 2016;23(4):331–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan CK, Leuenberger N, Tan MJ, et al. Smad3 deficiency in mice protects against insulin resistance and obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Diabetes. 2011;60(2):464–476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arner P, Langin D. Lipolysis in lipid turnover, cancer cachexia, and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014;25(5):255–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E, Barrett EJ, Bevilacqua S, et al. Effect of fatty acids on glucose production and utilization in man. J Clin Invest. 1983;72(5):1737–1747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asterholm IW, Scherer PE. Enhanced metabolic flexibility associated with elevated adiponectin levels. Am J Pathol. 2010;176(3):1364–1376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eseberri I, Lasa A, Churruca I, et al. Resveratrol metabolites modify adipokine expression and secretion in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda T. Regulation of adipocyte function by anthocyanins; possibility of preventing the metabolic syndrome. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(3):642–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suganami T, Nishida J, Ogawa Y. A paracrine loop between adipocytes and macrophages aggravates inflammatory changes: role of free fatty acids and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(10):2062–2068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JT, Chang YY, Chen YC, et al. Molecular mechanisms of the effects of the ethanolic extract of Muntingia calabura Linn. fruit on lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Food Funct. 2017;8(3):1245–1253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar