References
- Anti-retroviral Therapy Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet. 2008;372:293–8.
- Bor J, Herbst AJ, Newell M-L, et al. Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: valuing the scale-up of HIV treatment. Science. 2013;339:961–965.
- Galvan FH, Bing EG, Fleishman JA, et al. The prevalence of alcohol consumption and heavy drinking among people with HIV in the United States: results from the HIV cost and services utilization study. J Stud Alcohol. 2002;63:179–186.
- Ghebremichael M, Paintsil E, Ickovics JR, et al. Longitudinal association of alcohol use with HIV disease progression and psychological health of women with HIV. AIDS Care. 2009;21:834–841.
- Chander G, Lau B, Moore RD. Hazardous alcohol use: a risk factor for non-adherence and lack of suppression in HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43:411–417.
- Liu C, Ostrow D, Detels R, et al. Impacts of HIV infection and HAART use on quality of life. Qual Life Res. 2006;15:941–949.
- Braithwaite RS, McGinnis KA, Conigliaro J, et al. A temporal and dose-response association between alcohol consumption and medication adherence among veterans in care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005;29:1190–1197.
- Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Bass JK, Alexandre P, et al. Depression, alcohol use and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2012;16:2101–2118.
- Jaquet A, Ekouevi DK, Bashi J, et al. Alcohol use and non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients in West Africa. Addiction. 2010;105:1416–1421.
- Ferro EG, Weikum D, Vagenas P, et al. Alcohol use disorders negatively influence antiretroviral medication adherence among men who have sex with men in Peru. AIDS Care. 2015;27:93–104.
- Samet JH, Horton NJ, Meli S, et al. A randomized controlled trial to enhance antiretroviral therapy adherence in patients with a history of alcohol problems. Antivir Ther. 2005;10:83–93.
- Malow R, Dévieux JG, Stein JA, et al. Depression, substance abuse and other contextual predictors of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among Haitians. AIDS Behav. 2013;17:1221–1230.
- Pence BW, Thielman NM, Whetten K, et al. Coping strategies and patterns of alcohol and drug use among HIV-infected patients in the United States Southeast. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2008;22:869–877.
- Mellins CA, Havens JF, McDonnell C, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral medications and medical care in HIV-infected adults diagnosed with mental and substance abuse disorders. AIDS Care. 2009;21:168–177.
- Jia H, Uphold CR, Wu S, et al. Predictors of changes in health-related quality of life among men with HIV infection in the HAART era. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2005;19:395–405.
- Moak ZB, Agrawal A. The association between perceived interpersonal social support and physical and mental health: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Public Health (Oxf). 2010;32:191–201.
- Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:807–816.
- Millett GA, Peterson JL, Wolitski RJ, et al. Greater risk for HIV infection of black men who have sex with men: a critical literature review. Am J Public Health. 2006;96:1007–1019.
- Berg KM, Demas PA, Howard AA, et al. Gender differences in factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:1111–1117.
- Vagenas P, Azar MM, Copenhaver MM, et al. The impact of alcohol use and related disorders on the HIV continuum of care: a systematic review: alcohol and the HIV continuum of care. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12:421–436.
- Mayston R, Kinyanda E, Chishinga N, et al. Mental disorder and the outcome of HIV/AIDS in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Aids. 2012;26:S117–135.
- Bam K, Rajbhandari RM, Karmacharya DB, et al. Strengthening adherence to Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) monitoring and support: operation research to identify barriers and facilitators in Nepal. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:188.
- Wasti SP, Simkhada P, Randall J, et al. Factors influencing adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Nepal: a mixed-methods study. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35547.
- Jhingan HP, Shyangwa P, Sharma A, et al. Prevalence of alcohol dependence in a town in Nepal as assessed by the CAGE questionnaire. Addiction. 2003;98:339–343.
- National Center for HIV/AIDS and STD Control, Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal. HIV situation in Nepal. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal; 2015.
- Muñoz M, Bayona J, Sanchez E, et al. Matching social support to individual needs: a community-based intervention to improve HIV treatment adherence in a resource-poor setting. AIDS Behav. 2011;15:1454–1464.
- Basso CR, Helena ET, Caraciolo JM, et al. Exploring ART intake scenes in a human rights-based intervention to improve adherence: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS Behav. 2013;17:181–192.
- Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, et al. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption–II. Addiction. 1993;88:791–804.
- Pradhan B, Chappuis F, Baral D, et al. The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): validation of a Nepali version for the detection of alcohol use disorders and hazardous drinking in medical settings. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2012;7:42.
- Amberbir A, Woldemichael K, Getachew S, et al. Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected persons: a prospective study in Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:265.
- Gordillo V, Del Amo J, Soriano V, et al. Sociodemographic and psychological variables influencing adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Aids. 1999;13:1763–1769.
- World Health Organization. Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence. WHOQOL-HIV BREF. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; 2002.
- Thapa R, Amatya A, Pahari DP, et al. Nutritional status and its association with quality of life among people living with HIV attending public anti-retroviral therapy sites of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. AIDS Res Ther. 2015;12:14.
- Adewuya AO, Afolabi MO, Ola BA, et al. Relationship between depression and quality of life in persons with HIV infection in Nigeria. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2008;38:43–51.
- World Health Organization. WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; 2007.
- Wolfe D, Carrieri MP, Shepard D. Treatment and care for injecting drug users with HIV infection: a review of barriers and ways forward. Lancet. 2010;376:355–366.
- Altice FL, Kamarulzaman A, Soriano VV, et al. Treatment of medical, psychiatric, and substance-use comorbidities in people infected with HIV who use drugs. Lancet. 2010;376:367–387.
- Hendershot CS, Stoner SA, Pantalone DW, et al. Alcohol use and antiretroviral adherence: review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52:180–202.
- Parsons JT, Rosof E, Mustanski B. Medication adherence mediates the relationship between adherence self-efficacy and biological assessments of HIV health among those with alcohol use disorders. AIDS Behav. 2008;12:95–103.
- Samet JH, Cheng DM, Libman H, et al. Alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46:194–199.
- Power R, Koopman C, Volk J, et al. Social support, substance use, and denial in relationship to antiretroviral treatment adherence among HIV-infected persons. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2003;17:245–252.
- Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Kaufman M, et al. Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review of empirical findings. Prev Sci. 2007;8:141–151.