Depression and mental wellbeing in people affected by leprosy in southern Nepal

References

• Savioli DD. L. Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: a roadmap for implementation. World Heal Organ. 2012;1–9.
   Google Scholar
• WHO | Leprosy. WHO [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018 Feb 18]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global leprosy update, 2018: moving towards a leprosy free world. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2019;94(35–36):389–411.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health Services Nepal. Annual report. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Heijnders M, Van Der Meij S. The fight against stigma: an overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2006. DOI:10.1080/13548500600595327
   Google Scholar
• Van Brakel WH. Measuring health-related stigma–a literature review. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11:307–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brouwers C, Van Brakel W, Cornielje H. quality of life, perceived stigma, activity and participation of people with leprosy-related disabilities in South-East Nepal. Disabil CBR Incl Dev. 2011;22. DOI:10.5463/dcid.v22i1.15
   Google Scholar
• van Brakel WH, Sihombing B, Djarir H, et al. Disability in people affected by leprosy: the role of impairment, activity, social participation, stigma and discrimination. Glob Health Action. 2012;5:18394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari B, Kaehler N, Chapman RS, et al. Factors affecting perceived stigma in leprosy affected Persons in Western Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8:e2940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senturk V, Sagduyu A. [Psychiatric disorders and disability among leprosy patients; a review]. Turk Psikiyatr Derg. 2004;15:236–243.
   Google Scholar
• Leekassa R, Bizuneh E, Alem A. Prevalence of mental distress in the outpatient clinic of a specialized leprosy hospital. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2002. Lepr Rev [ Internet]. 2004;75;367–375. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15682974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zodpey SP, Tiwari RR, Salodkar A D. Gender differentials in the social and family life of leprosy patients. Lepr Rev [ Internet]. 2000;71:505–510. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11201906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsumi A, Izutsu T, Akramul Islam MD, et al. Depressive status of leprosy patients in Bangladesh: association with self-perception of stigma. Lepr Rev [ Internet]. 2004;75:57–66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risal A, Manandhar K, Linde M, et al. Anxiety and depression in Nepal: prevalence, comorbidity and associations. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16. DOI:10.1186/s12888-016-0810-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandsma JW, Van Brakel WH. WHO disability grading: operational definitions. Lepr Rev. 2003;74(4):366–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutchins H, Kirk SA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Soc Work. USA: American Psychiatric Association;1995.
   Google Scholar
• The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) -Overview. [cited 2018 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.cqaimh.org/pdf/tool_phq9.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguly S, Samanta M, Roy P, et al. Patient health questionnaire-9 as an effective tool for screening of depression among indian adolescents. J Adolesc Heal. 2013;52:546–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL. The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann [ Internet]. 2002;32:509–515. Available from.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waqas A, Ahmad W, Haddad M, et al. Measuring the well-being of health care professionals in the Punjab: a psychometric evaluation of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale in a Pakistani population. PeerJ [ Internet]. 2015;3:e1264. Available from: https://peerj.com/articles/1264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taggart F, Friede T, Weich S, et al. Cross cultural evaluation of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS) -a mixed methods study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, et al. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes [ Internet]. 2007;5:63. Available from:: http://hqlo.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke A, Friede T, Putz R, et al. Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): mixed methods assessment of validity and reliability in teenage school students in England and Scotland. BMC Public Health [ Internet]. 2011;11:487. Available from:: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21693055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart-Brown SL, Maheswaran H, Parkinson J, et al. Plenary session: the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) : a valid and reliable tool for measuring mental well-being in diverse populations and projects. J Epidemiol Community Health [ Internet]. 2011;65:38–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Global leprosy strategy 2016-2020: monitoring and evaluation guide. World Health Organization. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Rensen C, Bandyopadhyay S, Gopal PK, et al. Measuring leprosy-related stigma - A pilot study to validate a toolkit of instruments. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33:711–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia MS, Chandra R, Bhattacharya SN, et al. Psychiatric morbidity and pattern of dysfunctions in patients with leprosy. Indian J Dermatol. 2006;51:23.
   Google Scholar
• Singh G. Psychosocial aspects of Hansen′s disease (leprosy). Indian Dermatol Online J [ Internet]. 2012;3:166. Available from:: http://www.idoj.in/text.asp?2012/3/3/166/101811
   Google Scholar
• Weiss MG, Doongaji DR, Siddhartha S, et al. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC). Contribution to cross-cultured research methods from a study of leprosy and mental health. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160:819–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar JH, Verghese A. Psychiatric disturbances among leprosy patients. An epidemiological study. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1980;48:431–434.
   Google Scholar
• Verma KK, Gautam S. Psychiatric morbidity in displaced leprosy patients. Indian J Lepr. 1994;66:339–343.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lloyd K, Devine P. Psychometric properties of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) in Northern Ireland. J Ment Heal. 2012;21:257–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health England. National dental epidemiology programme for England: oral health survey of five-year-old children 2012 A report on the prevalence and severity of dental decay. Public Health England. 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Cross H, Choudhary R. STEP: an intervention to address the issue of stigma related to leprosy in Southern Nepal. Lepr Rev. 2005;76:316–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbow C, Tamiru T. The experience of self-care groups with people affected by leprosy: ALERT, Ethiopia. Lepr Rev. 2001;72(3):311–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebenso B, Fashona A, Ayuba M, et al. Impact of socio-economic rehabilitation on leprosy stigma in northern Nigeria: findings of a retrospective study. Asia Pacific Disabil Rehabil J. 2007;18(2):98–119.
   Google Scholar
• Dadun D, Peters RMH, van Brakel WH, et al. Assessing the impact of the twin track socio-economic intervention on reducing leprosy-related stigma in Cirebon District, Indonesia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsumi A, Izutsu T, Islam AM, et al. The quality of life, mental health, and perceived stigma of leprosy patients in Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64:2443–2453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd-Richard M, Gurung S. Stigma reduction through group counselling of persons affected by leprosy - A pilot study. Lepr Rev. 2000;71. DOI:10.5935/0305-7518.20000052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusli M, Zweekhorst MBM, Miranda-Galarza B, et al. Dealing with stigma: experiences of persons affected by disabilities and leprosy. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar