Utility of the three-delays model and its potential for supporting a solution-based approach to accessing intrapartum care in low- and middle-income countries. A qualitative evidence synthesis

References

• World Health Organization. Maternal mortality 2019; [ cited 2020 Jun 23]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva World Health Organisation; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Nour NM. An introduction to maternal mortality. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Spring;1:77–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thaddeus S, Maine D. To far to walk: maternal mortality in context. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38:1091–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phiri SN, Moland KM, Fylkesnes K. Born before arrival: user and provider perspectives on home deliveries and barriers to health facility childbirth in Kapiri Mposhi, Zambia. Trop Med Int Health. 2013 Sept;1:186.
   Google Scholar
• D’Ambruoso L, Byass P, Qomariyah SN, et al. A lost cause? Extending verbal autopsy to investigate biomedical and socio-cultural causes of maternal death in Burkina Faso and Indonesia. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:1728–1738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagalday-Olivares P, Sjoqvist BA, Adjordor-van de Beek J, et al. Exploring the feasibility of eHealth solutions to decrease delays in maternal healthcare in remote communities of Ghana. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2017 Dec 2;17:156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahar S, Banu M, Nasreen HE. Women-focused development intervention reduces delays in accessing emergency obstetric care in urban slums in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011 Jan 30;11:11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma V, Leight J, AbdulAziz F, et al. Illness recognition, decision-making, and care-seeking for maternal and newborn complications: a qualitative study in Jigawa State, Northern Nigeria. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36:46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akeju DO, Oladapo OT, Vidler M, et al. Determinants of health care seeking behaviour during pregnancy in Ogun State, Nigeria. Reprod Health. 2016 Jun;13:32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon SA, Chase RP, Winch PJ, et al. Poverty, partner discord, and divergent accounts; a mixed methods account of births before arrival to health facilities in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison J, Thapa R, Basnet M, et al. Exploring the first delay: a qualitative study of home deliveries in Makwanpur district Nepal. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohren MA, Hunter EC, Munthe-Kaas HM, et al. Facilitators and barriers to facility-based delivery in low- and middle-income countries: A qualitative evidence synthesis. Reprod Health. 2014 Sept;11:71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen BL, Nielsen BB, Rasch V, et al. User and provider perspectives on emergency obstetric care in a Tanzanian rural setting: a qualitative analysis of the three delays model in a field study. Afr J Reprod Health. 2011;15:117–130.
   Google Scholar
• Combs Thorsen V, Sundby J, Malata A. Piecing together the maternal death puzzle through narratives: the three delays model revisited. PLoS One. 2012 Dec 19;7:e52090–e52090. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwaniki MK, Baya EJ, Mwangi-Powell F, et al. ‘Tweaking’ the model for understanding and preventing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in low income countries: “inserting new ideas into a timeless wine skin”. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacagnella RC, Cecatti JG, Osis MJ, et al. The role of delays in severe maternal morbidity and mortality: expanding the conceptual framework. Reprod Health Matters. 2012;20:155–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacagnella RC, Cecatti JG, Parpinelli MA, et al. Delays in receiving obstetric care and poor maternal outcomes: results from a national multicentre cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra A. Measuring women’s empowerment as a variable in international development. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Furuta M, Salway S. Women’s position within the household as a determinant of maternal health care use in Nepal. Int Family Plann Perspect. 2006;32:017–027. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United Nations. Sustainable development goals 2019; [cited 2019 Apr 17]. Available from: https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html
   Google Scholar
• Carroll C, Booth A, Leaviss J, et al. “Best fit” framework synthesis: refining the method. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013 Mar 13;13:37. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming K, Booth A, Garside R, et al. Qualitative evidence synthesis for complex interventions and guideline development: clarification of the purpose, designs and relevant methods. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4:e000882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong A, Flemming K, McInnes E, et al. Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012 Nov 27;12:181. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke A, Smith D, Booth A. Beyond PICO:the SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis. Qual Health Res. 2012;22:1435–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. World bank country and lending groups 2020; [ cited 2020 Jun 27]. Available from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519
   Google Scholar
• Hawker S, Payne S, Kerr C, et al. Appraising the evidence: reviewing disparate data systematically. Qual Health Res. 2002;12:1284–1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrysch S, Campbell OM. Still too far to walk: literature review of the determinants of delivery service use. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009 Aug;11:34.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald T, Jackson S, Charles M-C, et al. The fourth delay and community-driven solutions to reduce maternal mortality in rural Haiti: a community-based action research study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018 Jun 20;18:254. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace HJ, McDonald S, Belton S, et al. The decision to seek care antenatally and during labour and birth - who and what influences this in Timor-Leste? A qualitative project exploring the perceptions of Timorese women and men. Midwifery. 2018;65:35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pafs J, Musafili A, Binder-Finnema P, et al. Beyond the numbers of maternal near-miss in Rwanda - a qualitative study on women’s perspectives on access and experiences of care in early and late stage of pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016 Sep;16. DOI:10.1186/s12884-016-1051-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebrehiwot T, San Sebastian M, Edin K, et al. Health workers’ perceptions of facilitators of and barriers to institutional delivery in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Bmc Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014 Apr;14:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cham M, Sundby J, Vangen S. Maternal mortality in the rural Gambia, a qualitative study on access to emergency obstetric care. Reprod Health. 2005 May;2:3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mgawadere F, Unkels R, Kazembe A, et al. Factors associated with maternal mortality in Malawi: application of the three delays model. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017 Jul 12;17:219. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sk MIK, Paswan B, Anand A, et al. Praying until death: revisiting three delays model to contextualize the socio-cultural factors associated with maternal deaths in a region with high prevalence of eclampsia in India. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019 Aug 28;19:314. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Villamizar L, Ruiz-Rodríguez M, Jaime García M. Beneficios de combinar métodos para analizar causas de muertes maternas, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Panamerican J Public Health. 2011;29:2013–2019.
   Google Scholar
• Jithesh V, Ravindran TKS. Social and health system factors contributing to maternal deaths in a less developed district of Kerala, India. J Reprod Health Med. 2016 Jan 01;2:26–32. .
   Google Scholar
• Charlet D, Moran AC, Madhavan S. Summary findings from a mixed methods study on identifying and responding to maternal and newborn illness in seven countries: implications for programs. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017 Dec;36:48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro R, Campero L, Hernández B, et al. A study on maternal mortality in Mexico through a qualitative approach. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000;9:6.
   Google Scholar
• Jammeh A, Sundby J, Vangen S. Barriers to emergency obstetric care services in perinatal deaths in rural gambia: a qualitative in-depth interview study. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2011;2011:981096.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabali E, Gourbin C, De Brouwere V. Complications of childbirth and maternal deaths in Kinshasa hospitals: testimonies from women and their families. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011 Apr;11. DOI:10.1186/1471-2393-11-29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan N, Pradhan MR. Identifying factors associated with maternal deaths in Jharkhand, India: a verbal autopsy study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2013 Jun;31:262–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echoka E, Makokha A, Dubourg D, et al. Barriers to emergency obstetric care services: accounts of survivors of life threatening obstetric complications in Malindi District, Kenya. Pan Afr Med J. 2014 Jan 18;17:4. .
   Google Scholar
• Urassa E, Massawe S, Lindmark G, et al. Operational factors affecting maternal mortality in Tanzania. Health Policy Plan. 1997 Mar;12:50–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes-Josiah D, Myntti C, Augustin A. The “three delays” as a framework for examining maternal mortality in Haiti. Soc Sci Med. 1998 Apr;46:981–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essendi H, Mills S, Fotso JC. Barriers to formal emergency obstetric care services’ utilization. J urban health. 2011 Jun;88:S356–S369. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lori JR, Starke AE. A critical analysis of maternal morbidity and mortality in Liberia, West Africa. Midwifery. 2012;28:67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangel-Flores YY, Hernández-Ibarra LE, Martínez-Ledezma AG, et al. Experiencias de mujeres sobrevivientes a morbilidad materna extrema en México, un estudio cualitativo desde el modelo de las tres demoras. Cad Saúde Pública. 2019;35. DOI:10.1590/0102-311x00035418.
   Google Scholar
• Ghebrehiwet M, Morrow R. Delay in seeking and reaching emergency obstetric care in Eritrea. J Eritrean Med Assoc. 2007;2(1). DOI:10.4314/jema.v2i1.52700.
   Google Scholar
• Sheilds. Women’s experiences of the meaning of empowerment. Qual Health Res. 1995;5:15–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabeer N. Resources, agency, achievements: reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. J Dev Change. 1999;30(3):435–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom S, Wypij D, Gupta M. Dimensions of women’s autonomy and the influence on maternal health care utilization in a north indian city. Demography. 2001 Feb;38:67–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratley P. Associations between quantitative measures of women’s empowerment and access to care and health status for mothers and their children: A systematic review of evidence from the developing world. Soc Sci Med. 2016 Nov 15;169:119–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmud S, Shah NM, Becker S. Measurement of women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh. World Dev. 2012;40:610–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miquelutti MA, Cecatti JG, Makuch MY. Antenatal education and the birthing experience of Brazilian women: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeoh PL, Hornetz K, Shauki NIA, et al. Evaluating the quality of antenatal care and pregnancy outcomes using content and utilization assessment. Int J Qual Health Care. 2018;30:466–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekelab T, Chojenta C, Smith R, et al. The impact of antenatal care on neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0222566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• The World Bank. Girl’s education 2020; [cited 2020 Jan 6]. Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/girlseducation
   Google Scholar
• Cattaneo LB, Chapman AR. The process of empowerment: A model for use in research and practice. Am Psychologist. 2010;65:646–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppenheim Mason K. The impact of women’s social position on fertility in developing countries. Sociological Forum. 1987 Sep 01;2:718–745.
   Google Scholar
• Samman E, Santos ME. Agency and empowerment: a review of concepts, indicators and empirical evidence. Oxford, UK: OPHI research in progress 10a: Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI); 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Somé DT, Sombié I, Meda N. How decision for seeking maternal care is made - a qualitative study in two rural medical districts of Burkina Faso. Reprod Health. 2013 Feb 07;10:8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumtaz Z, Salway S. ‘I never go anywhere’: extricating the links between women’s mobility and uptake of reproductive health services in Pakistan. Soc Sci Med. 2005 Apr 01;60:1751–1765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxana CDB, Ed. Monitoring birth preparedness and complication readiness. Baltimore: Tools and Indicators for Maternal and Newborn Health. JHPIEGO; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Jolly Y, Aminu M, Mgawadere F, et al. “We are the ones who should make the decision” – knowledge and understanding of the rights-based approach to maternity care among women and healthcare providers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019 Feb 15;19:42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe HL, Sando D, Lyatuu GW, et al. Mitigating disrespect and abuse during childbirth in Tanzania: an exploratory study of the effects of two facility-based interventions in a large public hospital. Reprod Health. 2016 Jul 18;13:79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndwiga C, Warren CE, Ritter J, et al. Exploring provider perspectives on respectful maternity care in Kenya: “work with what you have”. Reprod Health. 2017;14:99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil CL, Klima CS, Leshabari SC, et al. Randomized controlled pilot of a group antenatal care model and the sociodemographic factors associated with pregnancy-related empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17:336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed S, Khan MM. A maternal health voucher scheme: what have we learned from the demand-side financing scheme in Bangladesh? Health Policy Plan. 2011 Jan;26:25–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman MA. Psychological empowerment: issues and illustrations. Am J Community Psychol. 1995 Oct 01;23:581–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woldemicael G. Do women with higher autonomy seek more maternal health care? Evidence from Eritrea and Ethiopia. Health Care Women Int. 2010 Jun 10;31:599–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO recommendations: intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organisation; 2018.
   Google Scholar