2,738
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A cluster randomized controlled trial for measuring the impact of a social norm intervention addressing child marriage in Pirgacha in Rangpur district of Bangladesh: study protocol for evaluation of the Tipping Point Initiative

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon & show all
Article: 2057644 | Received 21 Dec 2021, Accepted 21 Mar 2022, Published online: 20 Apr 2022

References

  • UNICEF. Child protection – child marriage. 2021. https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage
  • UNICEF. Child marriage: latest trends and future prospects. 2018. https://data.unicef.org/resources/child-marriage-latest-trends-and-future-prospects/
  • UNFPA. Child marriage. 2020. https://www.unfpa.org/child-marriage
  • Banerjee B, Pandey G, Dutt D, et al. Teenage pregnancy: a socially inflicted health hazard. Indian J Commun Med. 2009;34:227–13.
  • Edirne T, Can M, Kolusari A, et al. Trends, characteristics, and outcomes of adolescent pregnancy in eastern Turkey. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2010;110:105–108.
  • Fisher J, Cabral de Mello M, Izutsu T, et al. Adolescent mental health in resource-constrained settings: a review of the evidence of the nature, prevalence and determinants of common mental health problems and their management in primary health care. Int J Social Psychiatry. 2011;57:9–12. v–vii.
  • Kurth F, Bélard S, Mombo-Ngoma G, et al. Adolescence as risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome in Central Africa – a cross-sectional study. PloS One. 2010;5:e14367.
  • Santhya KG. Early marriage and sexual and reproductive health vulnerabilities of young women: a synthesis of recent evidence from developing countries. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2011;23:334–339.
  • Goli S, Rammohan A, Singh D. The effect of early marriages and early childbearing on women’s nutritional status in India. Matern Child Health J. 2015;19:1864–1880.
  • Innocenti Research Centre. Early marriage: child spouses. Florence Italy: United Nations Children’s Fund; 2001.
  • Raj A, Boehmer U. Girl child marriage and its association with national rates of HIV, maternal health, and infant mortality across 97 countries. Violence Against Women. 2013;19:536–551.
  • Kidman R. Child marriage and intimate partner violence: a comparative study of 34 countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;46:662–675.
  • Oshiro A, Poudyal AK, Poudel KC, et al. Intimate partner violence among general and urban poor populations in Kathmandu, Nepal. J Interpers Violence. 2011;26:2073–2092.
  • Yount KM, Crandall AA, Cheong YK, et al. Child marriage and intimate partner violence in rural Bangladesh: a longitudinal multilevel analysis. Demography. 2016;531821–531852. DOI:10.1007/s13524-016-0520-8.
  • Adhikari RK. Early marriage and childbearing: risks and consequences. In: Bott S, Jejeebhoy S, Shah PC, editors. Towards adulthood: exploring the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in South Asia. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. p. 62–66.
  • Mitra P, Pondi Endengle EM, Pant M, et al. Does child marriage matter for growth? IMF Working Paper. International Monetary Fund; 2020.
  • Hotchkiss DR, Godha D, Gage AJ, et al. Risk factors associated with the practice of child marriage among Roma girls in Serbia. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2016;16:1–10.
  • Y M, Kiffle D, Siyoum D, et al. Determinants of time to first marriage among rural women in Ethiopia. Biomed Stat Inform. 2018;3:1–6.
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Ending child marriage: a profile of progress in Bangladesh. New York: UNICEF; 2020.
  • Geirbo HC, Imam N. The motivations behind giving and taking dowry. Research monograph series no. 28. Research and evaluation division. Dhaka Bangladesh: BRAC; 2006. https://bigd.bracu.ac.bd/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/The-Motivations-Behind-Giving-and-Taking-Dowry_Monograph_28.pdf
  • United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Key drivers of the changing prevalence of child marriage in three Countries in South Asia: Working Paper. Kathmandu, Nepal: UNICEF; 2018.
  • Naved RT, Samuels F, Masson VL, et al. Understanding intimate partner violence in rural Bangladesh: prevention and response. London: Overseas Development Institute; 2017.
  • Parsons J, Edmeades J, Kes A, et al. Economic impacts of child marriage: a review of the literature. Rev Faith Intern Aff. 2015;13:12–22.
  • Greene ME, Stiefvater E. Social and gender norms and child marriage: a reflection on issues, evidence and areas of inquiry in the field. London: ALIGN; 2019.
  • Cislaghi B, Mackie G, Nkwi P. Social norms and child marriage in Cameroon: an application of the theory of normative spectrum. Glob Public Health. 2019;14:1479–1494.
  • TACKLING THE TABOO: sexuality and gender-transformative programmes to end child, early and forced marriage and unions. 2019. https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/documents/905/Tackling-the-Taboo_-Full_English.pdf
  • Cialdini RB, Trost MR. Social influence: social norms, conformity and compliance. In: Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, Lindzey G, editors. The handbook of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998. p. 151e92.
  • Reid AE, Cialdini RB, Aiken LS. Social norms and health behavior. In: Steptoe A, editor. Handbook of Behavioral Medicine. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 263e71.
  • Cislaghi B, Heise L. Theory and practice of social norms interventions: eight common pitfalls. Global Health. 2018;14:83.
  • UNFPA. State of World Population Report 2019. Unfinished business: the pursuit of rights and choices for all. UNFPA. 2019. https://bangladesh.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/SWOP%202019-%20EN%20report%20-Web_0.pdf
  • National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), and ICF. Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2017-18. Dhaka Bangladesh and Rockville Maryland (USA): NIPORT and ICF; 2020.
  • Mahapatra AA, Ambale GS, Reid AM. Women’s marriage age matters for public health: review of the broader health and social implications in South Asia. Front Public Health. 2017;5:269.
  • Mitra SN, Ali MN, Islam S, et al. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 1993-1994. Calverton Maryland: National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and Macro International Inc; 1994.
  • Raj A, McDougal L, Rusch MLA. Changes in prevalence of girl child marriage in South Asia. JAMA. 2012;307:2027–2029.
  • National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT). Mitra and associates, and ICF international. In: Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2014. Dhaka Bangladesh and Rockville Maryland (USA): NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and ICF International; 2016.
  • Gulemetova-Swan M. Evaluating the impact of conditional cash transfer programs on adolescent decisions about marriage and fertility: the case of oportunidades. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania; 2009.
  • Angrist J, Bettinger E, Bloom E, et al. Vouchers for private schooling in Colombia: evidence from a randomized natural experiment. Am Econ Rev. 2002;92:1535e58.
  • Pande R, Kurz K, Walia S, et al. Improving the reproductive health of married and unmarried youth in India: evidence of effectiveness and costs from community-based interventions. Washington (DC): International Center for Research on Women (ICRW); 2006.
  • Amin S. Empowering adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh: kishori Abhijan. New York: Population Council; 2011.
  • Amin S, Ahmed J, Saha J, et al. Delaying child marriage through community-based skills-development programs for girls: results from a randomized controlled study in rural Bangladesh. New York and Dhaka Bangladesh: Population Council; 2016.
  • Chae S, Ngo TD. The global state of evidence on interventions to prevent child marriage. GIRL center research brief no. 1. New York: Population Council; 2017.
  • Jain S, Kurz K. New insights on preventing child marriage: a global analysis of factors and programs. Washington (DC): International Center for Research on Women (ICRW); 2007.
  • Mukherjee S, Singh S, Gupta SD, et al. Knot ready: lessons from India on delaying marriage for girls. Washington (DC): International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) and Engender Health; 2008.
  • Hervish A, Feldman-Jacobs C. Who speaks for me? Ending child marriage. Washington (DC): Population Reference Bureau; 2011.
  • Buchmann N, Field E, Glennerster R, et al., Power vs money: alternative approaches to reducing child marriage in Bangladesh, a randomized control trial. Unpublished Manuscript. 2017. https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/research-paper/Power-vs-Money-Working-Paper.pdf
  • Kalamar AM, Lee-Rife S, Hindin MJ. Interventions to prevent child marriage among young people in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the published and gray literature. J Adolesc Health. 2016;59:S16eS21.
  • Lee-Rife S, Malhotra A, Warner A, et al. What works to prevent child marriage: a review of the evidence. Stud Fam Plann. 2012;43:287–303.
  • CARE. Tipping Point: digging up the roots of child marriage to replant the future. Washington (DC): CARE USA; 2015.
  • Karim N, Greene M, Picard M. The cultural context of child marriage in Nepal and Bangladesh: findings from CARE’s Tipping Point project community participatory analysis. Washington (DC0: Care USA; 2016.
  • Islam MKH, Haque MR, Hossain MB. REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN CHILD MARRIAGE IN BANGLADESH. J Biosoc Sci. 2016;48:694–708.
  • Yount KM, Cheong YK, Maxwell L, et al. Measurement properties of the project-level women’s empowerment in agriculture index. World Dev. 2019;124:104639.
  • Miedema SS, Haardörfer R, Girard AW, et al. Women’s empowerment in East Africa: development of a cross-country comparable measure. World Dev. 2018;110:453–464.
  • Kabeer N. Resources, agency, achievements: reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Develop Change. 1999;30:435–464.
  • Bicchieri C, Chavez A. Behaving as expected: public information and fairness norms. J Behav Decis Making. 2010;23:161–178.
  • Bicchieri C, Xiao E. Do the right thing: but only if others do so. J Behav Decis Making. 2009;22:191–208.
  • Stefanik L, Hwang T. Applying theory to practice: CARE’s journey piloting social norms measures for gender programming. Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, Inc. (CARE); 2017. https://prevention-collaborative.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/applying_social_norms_theory_to_practice_cares_journey.pdf
  • World Health Organization. Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
  • CIOMS and WHO. International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Geneva: CIOMS; 2002.
  • Pulerwitz J, Barker G. Measuring attitudes toward gender norms among young men in Brazil: development and psychometric evaluation of the GEM scale. Men Masculinities. 2007;10:322–338.
  • Buckner JC. The development of an instrument to measure neighbourhood cohesion. Am J Community Psychol. 1988;16:771–791.
  • Liu LA, Chua CH, Stahl GK. Quality of communication experience: definition, measurement, and implications for intercultural negotiations. J Appl Psychol. 2010;95:469–487.