References

• Baumgardner, D., and A. Korolev. 1997. “Airspeed Corrections for Optical Array Probe Sample Volumes.” Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 14 (5): 1224–1229. doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<1224:ACFOAP>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, A. S. 1980. Weather Modification by Cloud Seeding. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Field, P. R., R. J. Hogan, P. R. A. Brown, A. J. Illingworth, T. W. Choularton, and R. J. Cotton. 2005. “Parametrization of Ice-particle Size Distributions for Mid-latitude Stratiform Cloud.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society: A Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Applied Meteorology and Physical Oceanography 131 (609): 1997–2017. doi:10.1256/qj.04.134.
   Google Scholar
• Fleishauer, R. P., V. E. Larson, and T. H. Vonder Haar. 2002. “Observed Microphysical Structure of Midlevel, Mixed-phase Clouds.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 59 (11): 1779–1804. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1779:OMSOMM>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettelman, A., X. Liu, D. Barahona, U. Lohmann, and C. Chen. 2012. “Climate Impacts of Ice Nucleation.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117 (D20). doi:10.1029/2012JD017950.
   Google Scholar
• Heymsfield, A. J., A. Bansemer, P. R. Field, S. L. Durden, J. L. Stith, J. E. Dye, W. Hall, et al. 2002. “Observations and Parameterizations of Particle Size Distributions in Deep Tropical Cirrus and Stratiform Precipitating Clouds: Results from in Situ Observations in TRMM Field Campaigns.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 59 (24): 3457–3491. DOI:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3457:OAPOPS>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, T. J., H. C. Lei, Z. X. Hu, and Q. J. Feng. 2013. “Observations and Modeling of Ice Water Content in a Mixed-phase Cloud System.” Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 6 (4): 210–215. doi:10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0020.
   Google Scholar
• Iacono, M. J., J. S. Delamere, E. J. Mlawer, M. W. Shephard, S. A. Clough, and W. D. Collins. 2008. “Radiative Forcing by Long‐lived Greenhouse Gases: Calculations with the AER Radiative Transfer Models.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 113 (D13). doi:10.1029/2008JD009944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korolev, A., and G. A. Isaac. 2005. “Shattering during Sampling by OAPs and HVPS. Part I: Snow Particles.” Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22 (5): 528–542. doi:10.1175/JTECH1720.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korolev, A., J. W. Strapp, G. A. Isaac, and E. Emery. 2013. “Improved Airborne Hot-wire Measurements of Ice Water Content in Clouds.” Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30 (9): 2121–2131. doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00007.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, R. P., and P. Zuidema. 2009. “Aircraft Microphysical and Surface-based Radar Observations of Summertime Arctic Clouds.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66 (12): 3505–3529. doi:10.1175/2009JAS3177.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmann, U., and J. Feichter. 2005. “Global Indirect Aerosol Effects: A Review.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5 (3): 715–737. doi:10.5194/acp-5-715-2005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarquhar, G. M., and R. A. Black. 2004. “Observations of Particle Size and Phase in Tropical Cyclones: Implications for Mesoscale Modeling of Microphysical Processes.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61 (4): 422–439. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0422:OOPSAP>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, H., G. Thompson, and V. Tatarskii. 2009. “Impact of Cloud Microphysics on the Development of Trailing Stratiform Precipitation in a Simulated Squall Line: Comparison of One-and Two-moment Schemes.” Monthly Weather Review 137 (3): 991–1007. doi:10.1175/2008MWR2556.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Z., and K. P. Shine. 1995. “Parameterization of Ice Cloud Radiative Properties and Its Application to the Potential Climatic Importance of Mixed-phase Clouds.” Journal of Climate 8 (7): 1874–1888. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1874:POICRP>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. W., T. W. Choularton, A. M. Blyth, Z. Liu, K. N. Bower, J. Crosier, M. W. Gallagher, et al. 2016. “Observations of Cloud Microphysics and Ice Formation during COPE.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16 (2): 799–826. DOI:10.5194/acp-16-799-2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, G., M. K. Politovich, and R. M. Rasmussen. 2017. “A Numerical Weather Model’s Ability to Predict Characteristics of Aircraft Icing Environments.” Weather and Forecasting 32 (1): 207–221. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-16-0125.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillancourt, P. A., A. Tremblay, S. G. Cober, and G. A. Isaac. 2003. “Comparison of Aircraft Observations with Mixed-phase Cloud Simulations.” Monthly Weather Review 131 (4): 656–671. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0656:COAOWM>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, C., and F. McDonough. 2010. “A Comparison of WRF-RR and RUC Forecasts of Aircraft Icing Conditions.” 14th Conference on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology. Atlanta, GA: America Meteor.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, M., G. Thompson, D. R. Adriaansen, and S. D. Landolt. 2019. “On the Value of Time-Lag-Ensemble Averaging to Improve Numerical Model Predictions of Aircraft Icing Conditions.” Weather and Forecasting 34 (3): 507–519. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-18-0087.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., W. Gong, W. R. Leaitch, and J. W. Strapp. 2007. “Evaluation of Modeled Cloud Properties against Aircraft Observations for Air Quality Applications.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 112 (D10). doi:10.1029/2006JD007596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Y. Zhu, D. Hou, and D. Kleist. 2016. “A Comparison of Perturbations from an Ensemble Transform and an Ensemble Kalman Filter for the NCEP Global Ensemble Forecast System.” Weather and Forecasting 31 (6): 2057–2074. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-16-0109.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Y. Zhu, D. Hou, Y. Luo, J. Peng, and R. Wobus. 2017. “Performance of the New NCEP Global Ensemble Forecast System in a parallel Experiment.” Weather and Forecasting 32 (5): 1989–2004. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-17-0023.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar