References

• Bassett, I. V., Giddy, J., Nkera, J., Wang, B., Losina, E., Lu, Z., et al., 2007. Routine voluntary HIV testing in Durban, South Africa: The experience from an outpatient department, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 46 (2) (2007), pp. 181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateganya, M. H., Abdulwadud, O. A., and Kiene, S. M., 2007. Home-based HIV voluntary counselling and testing in developing countries, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2007), CD006493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branson, B. M., Handsfield, H. H., Lampe, M. A., Janssen, R. S., Taylor, A. W., Lyss, S. B., et al., 2006. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings, MMWR Recommendations and Reports 55 (RR-14) (2006), pp. 1–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CDC, 1993. Recommendations for HIV testing services for inpatients and outpatients in acute-care hospital settings. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42 (RR-2) (1993), pp. 1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandisarewa, W., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Chirapa, E., Miller, A., Simoyi, M., Mahomva, A., et al., 2007. Routine offer of antenatal HIV testing (“opt-out” approach) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in urban Zimbabwe, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85 (11) (2007), pp. 843–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornman, D. H., Kiene, S. M., Christie, S., Fisher, W. A., Shuper, P. A., Pillay, S., et al., 2008. Clinic-based intervention reduces unprotected sexual behaviour among HIV-infected patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Results of a pilot study, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 48 (2008), pp. 553–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creek, T. L., Ntumy, R., Seipone, K., Smith, M., Mogodi, M., Smit, M., et al., 2007. Successful introduction of routine opt-out HIV testing in antenatal care in Botswana, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 45 (2007), pp. 102–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, J. D., Fisher, W. A., Cornman, D. H., Amico, R. K., Bryan, A., and Friedland, G. H., 2006. Clinician-delivered intervention during routine clinical care reduces unprotected sexual behaviour among HIV-infected patients, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 41 (1) (2006), pp. 44–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gammino, V. M., Mboya, J. J., Samandari, T., Sheth, A., Almquist, J., Nkubito, G., et al., 2008. Baseline evaluation of routine HIV testing among tuberculosis patients in Botswana, International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 12 (3) (2008), pp. 92–94, Suppl 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick, P., 2005. Scaling up HIV voluntary counselling and testing in Africa: what can evaluation studies tell us about potential prevention impacts?, Evaluation Review 29 (4) (2005), pp. 331–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn, K., 2005. Estimates of out of care: background and methods for CDC estimates. Presented at HRSA Engaging in Care Consultation. Washington, DC, .
   Google Scholar
• Kamb, M. L., Fishbein, M., Douglas, J. M., Rhodes, F., Rogers, J., Bolan, G., et al., 1998. Efficacy of risk-reduction counselling to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized controlled trial. Project RESPECT Study Group, Journal of the American Medical Association 280 (13) (1998), pp. 1161–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., Kilaru, K. R., Kumari, G., Forde, S., and Waterman, I., 2008. Follow-up of HIV-infected women diagnosed by antenatal screening in Barbados from 1996–2004, AIDS Patient Care and STDs 22 (9) (2008), pp. 715–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, C., Ivers, L. C., Smith Fawzi, M. C., Freedberg, K. A., and Castro, A., 2007. Late presentation for HIV care in central Haiti: factors limiting access to care, AIDS Care 19 (4) (2007), pp. 487–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan, A. P., Hogan, J. W., Snyder, B., Kumarasamy, N., Mehta, K., Solomon, S., et al., 2004. Changes in total lymphocyte count as a surrogate for changes in CD4 count following initiation of HAART: implications for monitoring in resource-limited settings, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 36 (1) (2004), pp. 567–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, G., Crepaz, N., Senterfitt, J. W., and Janssen, R. S., 2005. Meta-analysis of high-risk sexual behaviour in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: implications for HIV prevention programmes, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 39 (4) (2005), pp. 446–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies, N., Abang, B., Wanyenze, R., Nuwaha, F., Mugisha, B., Coutinho, A., et al., 2009. The costs and effectiveness of four HIV counselling and testing strategies in Uganda, AIDS 23 (3) (2009), pp. 395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanjako, D., Kamya, M., Daniel, K., Mayanja-Kizza, H., Freers, J., Whalen, C., et al., 2007. Acceptance of routine testing for HIV among adult patients at the medical emergency unit at a national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda, AIDS and Behavior 11 (5) (2007), pp. 753–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubak, S., Sandbaek, A., Lauritzen, T., and Christensen, B., 2005. Motivational interviewing: a systematic review and meta-analysis, British Journal of General Practice 55 (513) (2005), pp. 305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samet, J. H., Freedberg, K. A., Stein, M. D., Lewis, R., Savetsky, J., Sullivan, L., et al., 1998. Trillion virion delay: time from testing positive for HIV to presentation for primary care, Archives of Internal Medicine 158 (7) (1998), pp. 734–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen, T. W., Seipone, K., Gomez Fde, L., Anderson, M. G., Kejelepula, M., Keapoletswe, K., et al., 2007. Two and a half years of routine HIV testing in Botswana, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 44 (4) (2007), pp. 484–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS, 2000. UNAIDS Technical Update: Voluntary and Testing (VCT). Geneva: UNAIDS; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Wanyenze, R., Kamya, M., Liechty, C. A., Ronald, A., Guzman, D. J., Wabwire-Mangen, F., et al., 2006. HIV Counselling and Testing Practices at an Urban Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, AIDS and Behavior 10 (4) (2006), pp. 361–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanyenze, R. K., Nawavvu, C., Namale, A. S., Mayanja, B., Bunnell, R., Abang, B., et al., 2008. Acceptability of routine HIV and testing, and HIV seroprevalence in Ugandan hospitals, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86 (4) (2008), pp. 302–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Were, W. A., Mermin, J. H., Wamai, N., Awor, A. C., Bechange, S., Moss, S., et al., 2006. Undiagnosed HIV infection and couple HIV discordance among household members of HIV-infected people receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 43 (1) (2006), pp. 91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO, 2006. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents : recommendations for a public health approach 2006 rev. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• WHO, 2007. Guidance on provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling in health facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
   Google Scholar