“ …  [I]f I can [be] infected now that means I am going to die … ”: an explorative study focusing on vulnerable, immunocompromised groups and caregivers experiences and perceptions of the Covid-19 pandemic in South Africa

References

• AGE Platform Europe. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19). Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.age-platform.eu/coronavirus-covid-19.
   Google Scholar
• Ahn, D. G., Shin, H. J., Kim, M. H., Lee, S., Kim, H. S., Myoung, J., … Kim, S. J. (2020). Current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30(3), 313–324. doi:10.4014/jmb.2003.03011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boffa, J., Mhlaba, T., Sulis, G., Moyo, S., Sifumba, Z., Pai, M., & Daftary, A. (2020). COVID-19 and tuberculosis in South Africa: A dangerous combination. South African Medical Journal, 110(5), 341–342. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i5.14747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulled, N., & Singer, M. (2020). In the shadow of HIV & TB: A commentary on the COVID epidemic in South Africa. Global Public Health, 15(8), 1231–1243. doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1775275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). People who are at higher risk for severe illness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_843_20
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Development and Enterprise. (2020). COVID-19: The impact on small businesses and gaps in current solutions: The case for better solutions to support entrepreneurs in townships.
   Google Scholar
• Department for International Development (DFID). (2020). Health and socio-economic impacts of physical distancing for COVID-19 in Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Di Gennaro, F., Pizzol, D., Marotta, C., Antunes, M., Racalbuto, V., Veronese, N., & Smith, L. (2020). Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) current status and future perspectives: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 2690. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djaharuddin, I., Munawwarah, S., Nurulita, A., Ilyas, M., Tabri, N. A., & Lihawa, N. (2021). Comorbidities and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Gaceta Sanitaria, 35(Suppl 2), S530–S532. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.085. PMID: 34929892; PMCID: PMC8677356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dwyer, S. C., & Buckle, J. L. (2009). The space between: On being an insider-outsider in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8, 54–63. doi:10.1177/160940690900800105.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J. (2020). Covid-19: Nazareth House care home in Cape Town confirms death of third resident. Retrieved from https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/covid-19-nazareth-house-care-home-in-cape-town-confirms-death-of-third-resident-20200513
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, D., & Heymann, D. (2020). Q&A: The novel coronavirus outbreak causing COVID-19. BMC Medicine, 18, 57. doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01533-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, J., Languilaire, J. C., Lawthom, R., Nieuwenhuis, R., Petts, R. J., Runswick-Cole, K., & Yerkes, M. A. (2020). Community, work, and family in times of COVID-19. Community, Work and Family, 23(3), 247–252. doi:10.1080/13668803.2020.1756568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., … Zhong, N. S. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harries, A. D., Martinez, L., & Chakaya, J. M. (2020). Monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa: Focusing on health facility admissions and deaths. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 24(5), 550–552. doi:10.5588/ijtld.20.01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassen, J. (2020). Fears for elderly as more COVID-19 deaths reported at old age homes. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from https://ewn.co.za/2020/05/14/fears-for-elderly-as-more-covid-19-deaths-reported-at-old-age-homes
   Google Scholar
• Lingeswaran, M., Goyal, T., Ghosh, R., Suri, S., Mitra, P., Misra, S., & Sharma, P. (2020). Inflammation, immunity and immunogenetics in COVID-19: A narrative review. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 35(3), 260–273. doi:10.1007/s12291-020-00897-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lithander, F. E., Neumann, S., Tenison, E., Lloyd, K., Welsh, T. J., Rodrigues, J. C. L., … Henderson, E. J. (2020). COVID-19 in older people: A rapid clinical review. Age and Ageing, 49(4), 501–515. doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie, C. H., & Turan, J. M. (2020). How do we balance tensions between COVID-19 public health responses and stigma mitigation? Learning from HIV research. AIDS and Behavior, 24(7), 2003–2006. doi:10.1007/s10461-020-02856-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackworth-Young, C., Chingono, R., Mavodza, C., McHugh, G., Tembo, M., Chikwari, D., … Ferrand, R. (2020). “Here, we cannot practice what is preached”: Early qualitative learning from community perspectives on Zimbabwe’s response to COVID-19. Bulletin of WHO, 7931(April), 15–17.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, Y. S., Sircar, S., Bhat, S., Vinodhkumar, O. R., Tiwari, R., Sah, R., … Dhama, K. (2020). Emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a pandemic public health emergency with animal linkages: Current status update. Preprints. doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0478.v1
   Google Scholar
• Mash, B. (2020). Primary care management of the coronavirus (COVID-19). South African Family Practice, 62(1), 1–4. doi:10.4102/safp.v62i1.5115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Department of Health. (2020a). Corona Virus (COVID-19) outbreak. Retrieved March 17, 2020, from http://www.health.gov.za/index.php/outbreaks/145-corona-virus-outbreak/465-corona-virus-outbreak
   Google Scholar
• National Department of Health. (2020b). COVID-19 statistics in South Africa. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from National Department of Health website: https://sacoronavirus.co.za/
   Google Scholar
• National Department of Health. (2021). COVID-19 statistics in South Africa. Retrieved March 23, 2021, from National Department of Health website: https://sacoronavirus.co.za/
   Google Scholar
• News24. (2020). Long queues expose Sassa beneficiaries to coronavirus. Blacksash. Retrieved from https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/long-queues-expose-sassa-beneficiaries-to-coronavirus-black-sash-20200331
   Google Scholar
• Phaswana-Mafuya, N., Shisana, O., Gray, G., Zungu, N., Bekker, L.-G., Kuonza, L., … Baral, S. (2020). The utility of 2009 H1N1 pandemic data in understanding the transmission potential and estimating the burden of COVID-19 in South Africa to guide mitigation strategies. South African Medical Journal, 110(7), 576–577. doi:10.7196/samj.2020.v110i7.14935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., … Zanos, T. P. (2020). Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York city area. JAMA, 323(20), 2052–2059. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, T., Sully, E., Ahmed, Z., & Biddlecom, A. (2020). Estimates of the potential impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on sexual and reproductive health in low-and middle-income countries. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 46, 73–76. doi:10.1363/46e9020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SANEWS. (2020). R50 billion to relieve plight of the vulnerable. Retrieved from https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/r50-billion-relieve-plight-vulnerable.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, T., Cloete, A., Davids, A., Makola, L., Zondi, N., & Jantjies, M. (2020). Myths, misconceptions, othering and stigmatizing responses to Covid-19 in South Africa: A rapid qualitative assessment. PLOS ONE, 15(12), e0244420. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sette, A., & Crotty, S. (2021). Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Cell, 184(4), 861–880. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.007. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33497610; PMCID: PMC7803150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simbayi, L. C., Zuma, K., Zungu, N., Moyo, S., Marinda, E., Jooste, S., … Naidoo, I. (2018). South African National HIV prevalence, incidence, behaviour and communication survey, 2017. Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Teti, M., Schatz, E., & Liebenberg, L. (2020). Methods in the time of COVID-19: The vital role of qualitative inquiries. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19. doi:10.1177/1609406920920962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2020). Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID = 25785&LangID = E.
   Google Scholar
• The Presidency of South Africa. (2020). The COVID-19 plan. Pretoria: South African government.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, B. L.II., Kasperson, R., Matsone, P. A., et al. (2003). A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci, 100(14), 8074–8079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2019). Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza. A checklist for pandemic influenza risk and impact management: building capacity for pandemic response. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/influenza/publications/public_health_measures/publication/en/.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report – 118 (Vol. 8). doi:10.30895/2312-7821-2020-8-1-3-8
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2020b). Covid-19 strategy up date. Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar