4,001
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Cognitive and emotional empathy in typically developing children: The influence of age, gender, and intelligence

, , , , &
Pages 63-76 | Received 07 Feb 2013, Published online: 05 Jul 2013

REFERENCES

  • Abell, F., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2000). Do triangles play tricks? Attribution of mental states to animated shapes in normal and abnormal development. Cognitive Development, 15(1), 1–16.
  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Child behavior checklist for ages (4–18). Burlington, VT: T. M. Achenbach.
  • Aldrich, N. J., Tenenbaum, H. R., Brooks, P. J., Harrison, K., & Sines, J. (2011). Perspective taking in children's narratives about jealousy. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29(1), 86–109. 10.1348/026151010X533238.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175.
  • Beek, Y., & Dubas, J. S. (2008a). Age and gender differences in decoding basic and non-basic facial expressions in late childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 32(1), 37–52. 10.1007/s10919-007-0040-8.
  • Beek, Y., & Dubas, J. S. (2008b). Age and gender differences in decoding basic and non-basic facial expressions in late childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 32(1), 37–52. 10.1007/s10919-007-0040-8.
  • Bengtsson, H., & Arvidsson, Å. (2011). The impact of developing social perspective-taking skills on emotionality in middle and late childhood. Social Development, 20(2), 353–375. 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00587.x.
  • Blair, R. J. R. (2005). Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(4), 698–718. 10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004.
  • Blakemore, S. J. (2008). Development of the social brain during adolescence. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(1), 40–49. 10.1080/17470210701508715.
  • Braaten, E. B., & Rosén, L. A. (2000). Self-regulation of affect in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-ADHD boys: Differences in empathic responding. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(2), 313–321.
  • Burnett, S., & Blakemore, S. J. (2009). The development of adolescent social cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167(1), 51–56. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04509.x.
  • Castelli, F., Frith, C., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2002). Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain, 125(8), 1839–1849.
  • Charman, T., Ruffman, T., & Clements, W. (2002). Is there a gender difference in false belief development?Social Development, 11(1), 1–10.
  • Dadds, M. R., Hawes, D. J., Frost, A. D. J., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., Hunter, K., & Merz, S. (2009). Learning to “talk the talk”: The relationship of psychopathic traits to deficits in empathy across childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(5), 599–606. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02058.x.
  • de Waal, F. B. M. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 279–300. 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625.
  • Decety, J. (2010). The neurodevelopment of empathy in humans. Developmental Neuroscience, 32(4), 257–267. 10.1159/000317771.
  • Decety, J., & Michalska, K. J. (2009). Neurodevelopmental changes in the circuits underlying empathy and sympathy from childhood to adulthood. Developmental Science, 13(6), 886–899. 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00940.x.
  • Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94(1), 100–131.
  • Ford, R. M., Lobao, S. N., Macaulay, C., & Herdman, L. M. (2011). Empathy, theory of mind, and individual differences in the appropriation bias among 4- and 5-year-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 110(4), 626–646. 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.06.004.
  • Garaigordobil, M. (2009). A comparative analysis of empathy in childhood and adolescence: Gender differences and associated socio-emotional variables. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 9(2), 217–235.
  • Golan, O., Baron-Cohen, S., & Golan, Y. (2008). The “Reading the mind in films” task [child version]: Complex emotion and mental state recognition in children with and without autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(8), 1534–1541. 10.1007/s10803-007-0533-7.
  • Herba, C. M., Landau, S., Russell, T., Ecker, C., & Phillips, M. L. (2006). The development of emotion-processing in children: Effects of age, emotion, and intensity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(11), 1098–1106. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01652.x.
  • Hinnant, J. B., & O Brien, M. (2007). Cognitive and emotional control and perspective taking and their relations to empathy in 5-year-old children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168(3), 301–322.
  • Lennon, R., Eisenberg, N., & Carroll, J. (1986). The relation between nonverbal indices of empathy and preschoolers' prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 7(3), 219–224.
  • Leppänen, J. M., & Hietanen, J. K. (2001). Emotion recognition and social adjustment in school-aged girls and boys. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 429–435.
  • Light, S. N., Coan, J. A., Zahn-Waxler, C., Frye, C., Hill Goldsmith, H., & Davidson, R. J. (2009). Empathy is associated with dynamic change in prefrontal brain electrical activity during positive emotion in children. Child Development, 80(4), 1210–1231.
  • Mark, I. L., IJzendoorn, M. H. V., & Bakermans Kranenburg, M. J. (2002). Development of empathy in girls during the second year of life: Associations with parenting, attachment, and temperament. Social Development, 11(4), 451–468.
  • Mayberry, M. L., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Associations among empathy, social competence, & reactive/proactive aggression subtypes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(6), 787–798. 10.1007/s10964-006-9113-y.
  • McAlpine, C., Kendall, K., & Singh, N. N. (1991). Recognition of facial expressions of emotion by persons with mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 96, 29–36.
  • McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 126(3), 424–453. 10.1037//0033-2909.126.3.424.
  • Nelson, P. B., Adamson, L. B., & Bakeman, R. (2011). The developmental progression of understanding of mind during a hiding game. Social Development, 21(2), 313–330. 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00638.x.
  • Owen, A., Bwowning, M., & Jones, R. P. (2001). Emotion recognition in adults with mild-moderate learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 5, 267–281.
  • Petermann, F., & Petermann, U. (2007). Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Kinder (HAWIK-IV) [Wechsler intelligence scale for children] (4th ed.). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
  • Ricard, M., & Kamberk-Kilicci, M. (1995). Children's empathic responses to emotional complexity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 18(2), 211–225. 10.1177/016502549501800202.
  • Roberts, W., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67(2), 449–470.
  • Roth-Hanania, R., Davidov, M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2011). Empathy development from 8 to 16 months: Early signs of concern for others. Infant Behavior and Development, 34(3), 447–458. 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.04.007.
  • Schwenck, C., Mergenthaler, J., Keller, K., Salehi, S., Taurines, R., Romanos, M., Schecklmann, M., Schneider, W., Warnke, A., & Freitag, C. M. (2012). Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: Group-specific profiles and developmental aspects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(6), 651–659.
  • Tonks, J., Williams, W. H., Frampton, I., Yates, P., & Slater, A. (2007). Assessing emotion recognition in 9–15-years olds: Preliminary analysis of abilities in reading emotion from faces, voices and eyes. Brain Injury, 21(6), 623–629. 10.1080/02699050701426865.
  • van den Bos, W., van Dijk, E., Westenberg, M., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2011). Changing brains, changing perspectives: The neurocognitive development of reciprocity. Psychological Science, 22(1), 60–70. 10.1177/0956797610391102.
  • Williams, L. M., Mathersul, D., Palmer, D. M., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., & Gordon, E. (2009). Explicit identification and implicit recognition of facial emotions: I. Age effects in males and females across 10 decades. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 257–277.
  • Yirmiya, N., Sigman, M. D., Kasari, C., & Mundy, P. (1992). Empathy and cognition in high-functioning children with autism. Child Development, 63(1), 150–160.
  • Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S. H., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Cumberland, A. J., & Shepard, S. A. (2002). The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children's empathy-related responding and social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 73(3), 893–915.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.