Cross-cultural differences in children’s evaluations of antisocial and prosocial lies: A meta-analytic review

References

• Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Binet, A. (1896). Psychology of Prestidigitation. Annual Report of the Board of the Regents of Smithsonian Institution, 555–571.
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M. (2020). Research Note: In a meta-analysis, the I2 index does not tell us how much the effect size varies across studies. Journal of Physiotherapy, 66(2), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2020.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2022). Comprehensive meta-analysis, version 4 [Computer Software]. Biostat
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges Larry, V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to Meta-Analysis (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Introduction+to+Meta+Analysis%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9781119558354
   Google Scholar
• Broomfield, K. A., Robinson, E. J., & Robinson, W. P. (2002). Children’s understanding about white lies. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151002166316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussey, K. (1999). Children’s categorization and evaluation of different types of lies and truths. Child Development, 70(6), 1338–1347. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, N. A. (2015). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, K., & Mitchell, P. (1998). Family background in relation to deceptive ability and understanding of the mind. Social Development, 7(2), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2022, May 1). adolescence. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/adolescence
   Google Scholar
• Dmytro, D., Lo, J., O’Leary, J., Fu, G., Lee, K., & Cameron, C. A. (2014). Development of cultural perspectives on verbal deception in competitive contexts. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(8), 1196–1214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114535485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. D., & Lee, K. (2011). VerbaL deception from late childhood to middle adolescence and its relation to executive functioning skills. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 1108–1116. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A. D., Xu, F., & Lee, K. (2011). When all signs point to you: Lies told in the face of evidence. Developmental Psychology, 47, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatehi, K., Priestley, J. L., & Taasoobshirazi, G. (2020). The expanded view of individualism and collectivism: One, two, or four dimensions? International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 20(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595820913077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, G., Evans, A. D., Wang, L., & Lee, K. (2008). Lying in the name of the collective good: A developmental study. Developmental Science, 11(4), 495–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00695.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, G., Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., & Xu, F. (2001). Chinese and Canadian adults’ categorization and evaluation of lie- and truth-telling about prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(6), 720–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032006005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genyue, F., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. Reasoning about modesty among adolescents and adults in China and the U.S. (2011). Journal of Adolescence, 34(4), 599–608. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grice, H. P. (1980). Studies in the way of words. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, C. X., & Rochat, P. (2022). Children’s cost–benefit assessment of lies across three cultures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 217, 105355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, G. S. (1891). Children’s Lies. The Pedagogical Seminary, 1(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/08919402.1891.10533933
   Google Scholar
• Isenberg, A. (1964). Deontology and the Ethics of Lying. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 24(4), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.2307/2104756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leduc, K., Williams, S., Gomez-Garibello, C., & Talwar, V. (2016). The contributions of mental state understanding and executive functioning to preschool-aged children’s lie-telling. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 288–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K. (2013). Little liars: development of verbal deception in children. Child Development Perspectives, 7(2), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., Xu, F., Fu, G., & Board, J. (1997). Chinese and Canadian children’s evaluations of lying and truth telling: similarities and differences in the context of pro- and antisocial behaviors. Child Development, 68(5), 924–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01971.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. Y. S., & Imuta, K. (2021). Lying and theory of mind: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 92(2), 536–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., & Ross, H. J. (1997). The concept of lying in adolescents and young adults: testing sweetser’s folkloristic model. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43(2), 255–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., Xu, F., Fu, G., Cameron, C. A., & Chen, S. (2001). Taiwan and Mainland Chinese and Canadian children’s categorization and evaluation of lie- and truth-telling: A modesty effect. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19(4), 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151001166236
   Google Scholar
• Lim, J., Peterson, C. C., De Rosnay, M., & Slaughter, V. (2020). Children’s moral evaluations of prosocial and self-interested lying in relation to age, ToM, cognitive empathy and culture. The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(4), 504–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2019.1667766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, J. H. Y., Fu, G., Lee, K., & Cameron, C. A. (2020). Development of moral reasoning in situational and cultural contexts. Journal of Moral Education, 49(2), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2018.1563881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, F., Heyman, G. D., Xiao, L., Xu, F., Compton, B. J., & Lee, K. (2019). Modesty can promote trust: Evidence from China. Social Development, 28(1), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, F., Xu, F., Heyman, G. D., & Lee, K. (2011). Chinese children’s evaluations of white lies: Weighing the consequences for recipients. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojdehi, A. S. (2019). Cultural differences and moral evaluations of lie- and truth-telling. McGill University.
   Google Scholar
• Mojdehi, A. S., Shohoudi, A., & Talwar, V. (2021a). Deception or not? Canadian and Persian children’s moral evaluations of Taroof. Current Psychology, 40(9), 4372–4383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00341-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojdehi, A. S., Shohoudi, A., & Talwar, V. (2021b). Moral evaluations of modest statements in light of maternal disciplinary method and cultures. Journal of Moral Education, 50(4), 494–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2020.1781602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojdehi, A. S., Shohoudi, A., & Talwar, V. (2022). Children’s moral evaluations of different types of lies and parenting practices and across cultural contexts. Current Psychology, 41(8), 5420–5433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01059-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S. McKenzie, J. E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. (1965). The moral judgment of the child. MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, J., Mauthner, N., Sharpe, S., & Tidswell, T. (1991). The ‘windows task’ as a measure of strategic deception in preschoolers and autistic subjects. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1991.tb00881.x
   Google Scholar
• Sai, L., Shang, S., Tay, C., Liu, X., Sheng, T., Fu, G., Ding, X. P., & Lee, K. (2021). Theory of mind, executive function, and lying in children: A meta-analysis. Developmental Science, 24(5), e13096. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, J. (1969). Speech acts. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sodian, B., & Frith, U. (1992). Deception and sabotage in autistic, retarded and normal children. Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 33(3), 591–605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00893.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suurmond, R., van Rhee, H., & Hak, T. (2017). Introduction, comparison and validation of Meta-Essentials: A free and simple tool for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 8(4), 537–553. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar, V., & Lee, K. (2002). Development of lying to conceal a transgression: Children’s control of expressive behaviour during verbal deception. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(5), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar, V., & Lee, K. (2008). Social and cognitive correlates of children’s lying behavior. Child Development, 79(4), 866–881. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01164.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar, V., Murphy, S. M., & Lee, K. (2007). White lie-telling in children for politeness purposes. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406073530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S., Kirmayer, M., Simon, T., & Talwar, V. (2013). Children’s antisocial and prosocial lies to familiar and unfamiliar adults. Infant and Child Development, 22. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1802
   Google Scholar
• Williams, S., Leduc, K., Crossman, A., & Talwar, V. (2016). Young deceivers: Executive functioning and antisocial lie-telling in preschool aged children. Infant and Child Development, 26. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1956
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer, H., Gruber, S., & Perner, J. (1984). Young children’s conception of lying: Lexical realism—Moral subjectivism. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(84)90055-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, F., Bao, X., Fu, G., Talwar, V., & Lee, K. (2010). Lying and truth-telling in children: From concept to action. Child Development, 81(2), 581–596. 2009.01417.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01417.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar