Platformed antagonism: racist discourses on fake Muslim Facebook pages

References

• Awan, I. (2016). Islamophobia on social media: A qualitative analysis of the Facebook’s walls of hate. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 10(1), 1–20. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.58517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltar, F., & Brunet, I. (2012). Social research 2.0: Virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook. Internet Research, 22(1), 57–74. doi: 10.1108/10662241211199960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangstad, S. (2013). Eurabia comes to Norway. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 24(3). doi: 10.1080/09596410.2013.783969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-David, A., & Mattamoros-Fernandez, A. (2016). Hate speech and covert discrimination on social media: Monitoring the Facebook pages of extreme-right political parties in Spain. International Journal of Communication, 10, 1167–1193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brindle, A. (2016). Cancer has nothing on Islam: A study of discourses by group elite and supporters of the English defence league. Critical Discourse Studies, 13(5), 444–459. doi: 10.1080/17405904.2016.1169196
   Google Scholar
• Bronner, S. E. (2000). A rumor about the jews: Reflections on antisemitism and the protocols of the learned elders of zion. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New Media & Society, 14(7), 1164–1180. doi: 10.1177/1461444812440159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caiani, M., & Borri, R. (2014). Cyberactivism of the radical right in Europe and the USA: What, who, and why? In M. McCaughey (Ed.), Cyberactivism on the participatory web (pp. 182–207). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (2013). Communication power (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative research. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dalhberg, L., & Phelan, S. (2011). Discourse theory and critical media politics. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, J. (2009a). Cloaked websites: Propaganda, cyber-racism and epistemology in the digital era. New Media & Society, 11(5), 659–683. doi: 10.1177/1461444809105345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, J. (2009b). Cyber racism: White supremacy online and the new attack on civil rights. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, J. (2013). Race and racism in internet studies: A review and critique. New Media & Society, 15(5), 695–719. doi: 10.1177/1461444812462849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, M. (2015). Online Islamophobia and the politics of fear: Manufacturing the green scare. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(11), 1986–2002. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2015.1021264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facebook. (2016). Facebook community standards. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards.
   Google Scholar
• Facebook. (2017). Appearing in Search Engine Results. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/help/392235220834308.
   Google Scholar
• Farkas, J., & Neumayer, C. (2017). ‘Stop Fake Hate Profiles on Facebook’: Challenges for crowdsourced activism on social media. First Monday, 22(9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i9.8042
   Google Scholar
• Farkas, J., Schou, J., & Neumayer, C. (2017). Cloaked Facebook pages: Exploring fake Islamist propaganda in social media. New Media & Society, 146144481770775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444817707759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foxman, A. H., & Wolf, C. (2013). Viral hate. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hervik, P. (2011). The annoying difference : The emergence of Danish neonationalism, neoracism, and populism in the post-1989-world. New York, NY: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Horsti, K. (2016). Digital Islamophobia: The Swedish woman as a figure of pure and dangerous whiteness. New Media & Society. doi: 10.1177/1461444816642169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett, G. S., & O’Donnell, V. (2012). Propaganda and persuasion. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Keskinen, S. (2013). Antifeminism and white identity politics: Political antagonisms in radical right-wing populist. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 3(4), 225–232. doi: 10.2478/njmr-2013-0015
   Google Scholar
• Khosravinik, M. (2017). Social media critical discourse studies (SM-CDS). In J. Flowerdew, & J. Richardson (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of critical discourse analysis (pp. 582–596). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, A. (2012). Slipping racism into the mainstream: A theory of information laundering. Communication Theory, 22(4), 427–448. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01415.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kompatsiaris, P., & Mylonas, Y. (2015). The rise of Nazism and the web: Social media as platforms of racist discourses in the context of the Greek economic crisis. In D. Trottier, & C. Fuchs (Eds.), Social media, politics and the state: Protests, revolutions, riots, crime, and policing in the age of Facebook, twitter and YouTube (pp. 109–129). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (2014). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics. London: Verso Books.
   Google Scholar
• Langlois, G., & Elmer, G. (2013). The research politics of social media platforms. Culture Machine, 14, 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Linebarger, P. M. A. (2010). Psychological warfare. Darke County, Ohio: Coachwhip Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Matamoros-Fernández, A. (2017). Platformed racism: The mediation and circulation of an Australian race-based controversy on Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Information, Communication & Society. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1293130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusitz, J., & Olufowote, J. (2016). Visual motifs in Islamist terrorism: Applying conceptual metaphor theory. Journal of Applied Security Research, 11(1), 18–32. doi: 10.1080/19361610.2016.1104276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, R. M. (2013). FCJ-156 hacking the social: Internet memes, identity antagonism, and the logic of Lulz. The Fibreculture Journal, 22, 62–92.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, S. B. (2015). Vi overtager Danmark: Falske facebook-sider sætter muslimer i dårligt lys. DR Nyheder. Retrieved from http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2015/05/18/110828.htm
   Google Scholar
• Norval, A. J. (1996). Deconstructing apartheid discourse. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, W. (2015). This is why we can't have nice things: Mapping the relationship between online trolling and mainstream culture. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, W., & Milner, R. M. (2017). The ambivalent internet: Mischief, oddity, and antagonism online. Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Poell, T., & Dijck, V. (2013). Understanding social media logic. Media and Communication, 1(1), 2–14. doi:10.12924/mac2013.01010002 doi: 10.17645/mac.v1i1.70
   Google Scholar
• Rieder, B. (2013). Studying Facebook via data extraction: The netvizz application. In Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM web science conference (pp. 346–355). New York, NY: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Rossi, L., Schwartz, S., & Mahnke, M. (2016). Social media use & political engagement in denmark // report 2016. Retrieved from https://blogit.itu.dk/decidis/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/03/Decidis_report_2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Torfing, J. (1999). New theories of discourse: Laclau, Mouffe and Zizek. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Unger, J., Wodak, R., & KhosraviNik, M. (2016). Critical discourse studies and social media data. In D. Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative research (4th ed., pp. 277–293). London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijck, J. (2013). The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, F. (2016). How the workers became Muslims: Immigration, culture, and hegemonic transformation in Europe. Ann Arbor, MI:University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar