Primary Physical Education in Scotland: the Future in the Making

REFERENCES

• Abbott , A. , Collins , D. , Martindale , R. and Sowerby , K. 2002 . Talent Identification and Development: An Academic Review , Edinburgh : sportscotland .
   Google Scholar
• Alberta Learning . 2002 . Physical Education Online http://ednet.edc.gov.ab.ca/physical educationonline/SiteOverview.asp
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , N. 1990 . Health‐related physical activity in the National Curriculum . British Journal of Physical Education , 21 ( 1 ) : 225
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , N. , Balding , J. , Gentle , P. and Kirkby , B. 1990 . Patterns of physical activity among 11–16 year old British children . British Medical Journal , 301 : 203 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , N. and Welshman , J. 1997 . Young People and Physical Activity , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , R. and McFadyen , T. 2000 . Teaching Physical Education 5–11 , London : Continuum .
   Google Scholar
• Brustad , R.J. 1996 . Affective outcomes in competitive youth sport: The influence of intrapersonal and socialisation factors . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 10 : 307 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Cale , L. 1996 . An assessment of the physical activity levels of adolescent girls: Implications for physical education . European Journal of Physical Education , 1 ( 1 ) : 46 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Carney , C. and Guthrie , J. 1999 . Provision of physical education in primary education initial teacher training courses in Scotland . European Journal of Physical Education , 4 : 124 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control (CDC) . 1997 . Guidelines for School and Community Programs to Promote Lifelong Physical Activity Among Young People http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046823. htm
   Google Scholar
• Collins , D. , Abbott , A. and Martindale , R. Talent identification and development: how would we do it? Abstracts . 12th Commonwealth International Sport Conference . July 19–23 2002 , Manchester , England.
   Google Scholar
• Collins , M. , Henry , I. , Houlihan , B. and Buller , J. 1999 . Sport and Social Exclusion: A Report to the Department of Culture and Media , Loughborough : Loughborough University .
   Google Scholar
• Cothran , D.J. 2001 . Curricular change in physical education: Success stories from the front line . Sport, Education and Society , 6 ( 1 ) : 67 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum , B.J. 1993 . Conventional thought and practice in physical education: problems of teaching and implications for change . QUEST , 45 : 336 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley , A. 2002 . School‐based physical activity in the United Kingdom: Can it create physically active adults? . Quest , 54 : 31 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeKnopp , P. , Engstrom , L‐M. , Skirstad , B. and Weiss , M. 1996 . Worldwide Trends in Youth Sport , Champaign , Ill. : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Department of National Heritage (DONH) . 1995 . Sport: Raising the Game , London : Department of National Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. , ed. 1993 . Equity, Education and Physical Education , Washington , DC : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , K. 1989 . The child's perspective in physical education part 6: Psychology and professional issues . British Journal of Physical Education , 20 ( 1 ) : 35 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Fry , M. 2001 . “ The development of motivation in children ” . In Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise , Edited by: Roberts , G. Champaign , Ill : Human Kinetics . Chapter 2,
   Google Scholar
• Fullan , M. 1991 . The New Meaning of Educational Change, , 2nd Edition , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gabbard , C.P. 1999 . Lifelong Motor Development, , 2nd Edition , Dubuque , IA : W.C. Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Gallahue , D.L. and Ozmun , J.C. 1999 . Understanding Motor Development, , 3rd Edition , Dubuque : Brown and Benchmark .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , G. , Holt/Hale , S. and Parker , M. 1993 . Children Moving, , 3rd Edition , Mountain View : Mayfield Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , K. 2002 . Lifelong participation, physical education and the work of Ken Roberts . Sport, Education and Society , 7 ( 2 ) : 167 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman , K. and Marshall , J. 2000 . Worldwide Survey of the State and Status of School Physical Education: Summary of Findings , Manchester : University of Manchester .
   Google Scholar
• Haywood , K. and Gretchell , N. 2001 . Life Span Motor Development, , 3rd Edition , Champaign , Ill. : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Health Education Authority (HEA) . 1998 . Young and Active? Policy Framework for Young People and Health‐Enhancing Physical Activity , London : Health Education Authority .
   Google Scholar
• Health Education Board for Scotland (HEBS) . “ Evidence into Action ” . In Children and Lifelong Physical Activity , Edinburgh : Health Education Board for Scotland . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Her Majesty's Inspectors of Education (HMIE) . 2001 . Improving Physical Education in Primary Schools , Edinburgh : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Horn , T. and Harris , A. 1996 . “ Perceived competence in young athletes: Research findings and recommendations for coaches and parents ” . In Children and Youth in Sport a Biopsychosocial Perspective, , 3rd Edition , Edited by: Small , F. and Smith , R. Madison , WI : Brown and Benchmark .
   Google Scholar
• Jess , M. 1992 . Physical education in the primary school (Part 3), issues in Scottish primary schools . Scottish Journal of Physical Education , 20 ( 2 ) : 18 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Jess , M. 1999 . Basic Movements and Movement Concepts, A Developmental Framework for a Lifetime of PE, Sport and Exercise , Edinburgh : University of Edinburgh .
   Google Scholar
• Jess , M. and Collins , D. Primary physical education in Scotland: Advancing into the 21st Century . Abstracts for BERA Annual Conference . September 12–14 . Exeter University .
   Google Scholar
• Jess , M. , Collins , D. and Burwitz , L. Children and physical activity: The centrality of basic movement skill development . Abstracts for ICHPER.SD (Europe) Conference . London : St Mary's College .
   Google Scholar
• Jess , M. , Collins , D. , Dewar , K. , Campbell , A. and Harris , S. Basic moves: integrating primary physical education and community activity to develop a foundation for lifelong participation . Abstracts, 12th Commonwealth International Sport Conference . July 19–23 2002 , Manchester , England.
   Google Scholar
• Jess , M. , Fraser , G. , Collins , D. , Sowerby , K. and Martindale , R. Establishing educational experiences for talented children in the primary school: the Biddick experience . Abstracts, 12th Commonwealth International Sport Conference . July 19–23 2002 , Manchester , England.
   Google Scholar
• Jess , M. and Liggett , G. The changing relationship between actual and perceived competence: implications for physical education from a longitudinal study . Abstracts, 12th Commonwealth International Sport Conference . July 19–23 2002 , Manchester , England.
   Google Scholar
• Jess , M. and Moore , P. 1998 . The content and delivery of foundation level sport: a question of what and who? . Journal of Sport Sciences , 16 : 20 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Laws , C. 1996 . The Fellows Lecture 1995: Opportunities for partnerships between PE and sport . British Journal of Physical Education , 27 ( 2 ) : 8 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawson , H.A. 1998 . Rejuvenating, reconstituting and transforming physical education to meet the needs of vulnerable children, youth and families . Journal of Teaching in Physical Education , 18 : 2 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlefield , R. , Green , B. and Forsyth , S. 2001 . Results of a National Survey of all Scottish Principal Teachers of Physical Education , Glasgow : University of Strathclyde .
   Google Scholar
• Locke , F.L. 1992 . Changing secondary school physical education . QUEST , 44 : 361 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina , R. 2001 . Tracking of physical activity across the lifespan . Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest , 3 : 2 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Martens , R. 1996 . Turning kids on to physical activity for a life time . Quest , 48 ( 3 ) : 303 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of Physical Education and Sport (NASPE) . 1992 . Developmentally Appropriate Practice for Children; A COPEC Position Paper , Reston , VA : AAHPERD .
   Google Scholar
• NASPE . 1995 . “ National Physical Education Standards: A Guide to Content and Assessment ” . In Moving into the Future , St Louis : Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• New Opportunities Fund (NOF) . 2002 . New Opportunities in Physical Education and Sport http://www.nof.org.uk/index.cfm?loc=edu&inc=pes/index
   Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis , N. and Biddle , S.J.H. 1999 . A review of motivational climate in physical activity . Journal of Sports Science , 17 : 643 – 665 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , G. and Isaacs , L. 1999 . Human Motor Development, , 4th Edition , Mountain View , Ca. : Mayfield Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Penney , D. and Chandler , T. 2000 . Physical education: What futures? . Sport, Education and Society , 5 ( 1 ) : 71 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rink , J. 1993 . “ What's so critical? ” . In Critical Crossroads, Middle and Secondary School Physical Education , Edited by: Rink , J.E. Reston , VA : NASPE .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , K. and Brodie , D. 1993 . Inner City Sport: Who Plays and What are the Benefits? , Giordano Bruno : Culembourg .
   Google Scholar
• Sallis , J.F. 1995 . “ A behavioural perspective on children's physical activity ” . In Child Health, Nutrition and Physical Activity , Edited by: Cheung , L.W.Y. and Richmond , J.B. Champaign , Ill : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Education Department (SED) . 1980 . Learning and Teaching in Primary 4 and Primary 7 , Edinburgh : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Executive . 2002 . The Scottish Budget 2003–2004: Summary http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/finance/aeses‐13.asp
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Executive . 2003 . Let's make Scotland more active: A strategy for physical activity , Edinburgh : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Executive Health Department . 1998 . Scottish Health Survey , Volume 1 , Edinburgh : Scottish Executive .
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Sport Council . 1996 . A Youth Sport Strategy for Scotland , Edinburgh : Scottish Sports Council .
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Sports Council . 1999a . Youth Sport in Scotland: Primary Schools , Edinburgh : Scottish Sports Council .
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Sports Council . 1999b . Youth Sport in Scotland: Secondary Schools , Edinburgh : Scottish Sports Council .
   Google Scholar
• Seefeldt , V. 1979 . “ Developmental motor patterns: Implications for elementary school physical education ” . In Psychology of Motor Behaviour and Sport , Edited by: Newell , K. , Roberts , G. , Hallarell , W. and Nadean , G. Champaign , Ill. : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Sleap , M. and Warburton , P. 1995 . Physical activity levels of preadolescent children in England: cumulative evidence from three direct observation studies . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 17 : 248 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scottish Office Education Department (SOED) . 1992 . Curriculum and Assessment in Scotland, National Guidelines, Expressive Arts 5–14 , Edinburgh : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Sport England . 2001 . Young People and Sport in England 1989 , London : Sport England .
   Google Scholar
• Stroot , S. 1994 . Contemporary crisis or emerging reform? A review of secondary physical education . Journal of Teaching in Physical Education , 13 : 333 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinning , R. and Fitzclarence , L. 1992 . Postmodern youth culture and the crisis in Australian secondary school physical education . QUEST , 44 : 287 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) . 1996 . Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General , Atlanta : US Departnent of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Warburton , P. 1989 . Barriers to progress primary school physical education . British Journal of Physical Education , 20 ( 4 ) : 165 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , M. 2000 . Motivating kids in physical activity . President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest , 2 : 2 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Welk , G. 1999 . The youth physical activity promotion model: A conceptual bridge between theory and practice . Quest , 51 : 5 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead , J.R. and Corbin , C.B. 1997 . “ Self‐esteem in children and youth: The role of sport and physical education ” . In The Physical Self: From Motivation to Weil‐Being , Edited by: Fox , K.R. 175 – 203 . Champaign , Ill. : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox , R. Shared scepticism and domestic doubts: globalization, localization and the challenges to physical education in the world today . Paper presented at the Pre‐Olympic Scientific Congress . July 9–13 , Dallas , Texas .
   Google Scholar
• Youth Sport Trust . 1996 . Mission Statement at www.youthsport.net/yst/
   Google Scholar