5,729
Views
54
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

How can video feedback be used in physical education to support novice learning in gymnastics? Effects on motor learning, self-assessment and motivation

, , , , ORCID Icon &
Pages 559-574 | Received 04 Jul 2017, Accepted 22 May 2018, Published online: 09 Jun 2018

References

  • Aiken, C. A., J. T. Fairbrother, and P. G. Post. 2012. “The Effects of Self-Controlled Video Feed- Back on the Learning of the Basketball Set Shot.” Frontiers in Psychology 3: 338. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00338.
  • Al-Abood, S. A., K. F. Davids, and S. J. Bennett. 2001. “Specificity of Task Constraints and Effects of Visual Demonstrations and Verbal Instructions in Directing Learners’ Search During Skill Acquisition.” Journal of Motor Behavior 33 (3): 295–305. doi:10.1080/00222890109601915.
  • Amara, S., B. Mkaouer, S. G. Nassib, H. Chaaben, Y. Hachana, and F. Z. BenSalah. 2015. “Effect of Video Modeling Process on Teaching/Learning Hurdle Clearance Situations on Physical Education Students.” Advances in Physical Education 5: 225–233. doi: 10.4236/ape.2015.54027
  • Backaberg, S. 2016. “Video-supported Interactive Learning for Movement Awarness – A Learning Model for the Individual Development of Movement Performance Among Nursing Student.” Doctoral dissertation, Linaeus University.
  • Bangert-Drowns, R. L., C. Kulic, C. Lin, J. A. Kulic, and M. Morgan. 1991. “The Instructional Effect of Feedback in Test Like Events.” Review of Educational Research 61 (2): 213–238. doi: 10.3102/00346543061002213
  • Bilodeau, I. 1969. “Information Feed-Back.” In Principles of Skill Acquisiton, edited by E. Bilodeau, 255–285. New York: Academic Press.
  • Bilodeau, E. A., and I. M. Bilodeau. 1961. “Motor Skills Learning.” Review of. Annual Review of Psychology 12: 243–280. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.12.020161.001331.
  • Blomqvist, M., P. Luhtanen, and L. Laakso. 2001. “Comparison of Two Types of Instruction in Badminton.” European Journal of Physical Education 6 (2): 139–155. doi: 10.1080/1740898010060206
  • Boutmans, J. 1992. “Video feedback: Useful or Not in Physical Education Classes?” In 6th ICHPER – Europe Congress. Prague.
  • Boyce, A. B., N. J. Markos, D. W. Jenkins, and J. R. Loftus. 1996. “How Should Feedback Be Delivered?” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 67 (1): 18–22. doi: 10.1080/07303084.1996.10607173
  • Brunelle, J. 1980. “L'efficacité de l'intervenant dans l'enseignement de l'activité physique.” In Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport, edited by C. Nadeau, 675–689. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Brunelle, J., and F. Carufel. 1982. “Analyse des feedback émis par des maîtres de l'enseignement de la danse moderne.” Revue Québécoise de l'Activité Physique 2: 3–8.
  • Brunelle, J., C. Spallanzani, M. Lord, and B. Petiot. 1983. “Analyse du climat pédagogique par le biais des réactions des éducateurs physiques en situation d'enseignement.” Journal of CAPHER 49: 15–18.
  • Casey, A., V. A. Goodyear, and K. Armour. 2016. “Rethinking the Relationship Between Pedagogy, Technology and Learning in Health and Physical Education.” Sport, Education and Society 22 (2): 288–304. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2016.1226792
  • Casey, A., and B. Jones. 2011. “Using Digital Technology to Enhance Student Engagement in Physical Education.” Asia Pacific Jounral of Health, Sport and Physical Education 2 (2): 51–65. doi: 10.1080/18377122.2011.9730351
  • Cauley, K. M., and J. H. McMillan. 2010. “Formative Assessment Techniques to Support Student Motivation and Achievement.” The Clearing House: a Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 83 (1): 1–6. doi: 10.1080/00098650903267784
  • Chow, J.-Y., K. Davids, C. Button, and I. Renshaw. 2016. “Nonlinear Pedagogy in Skill Acquisition: An Introduction.” London: Routledge.
  • Cohen, J. 1992. “A Power Primer.” Psychological Bulletin 112: 155–159. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
  • Cohen, R., J. D. Goodway, and R. Lidor. 2012. “The Effectiveness of Aligned Developmental Feedback on the Overhand Throw in Third-Grade Students.” Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 17 (5): 525–541. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2011.623230
  • Deci, E. L., and R. M. Ryan. 1985. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Deci, E. L., and R. M. Ryan. 1991. “A Motivational Approach to Self Integration in Personality.” In Symposium on Motivation: Perspectives on Motivation, edited by R. Dienstbier, 237–288. Lincoln: Nebraska University of Nebraska Press.
  • De-Juanas Oliva, A., R. M. del Pozo, and E. P. Franco. 2016. “Teaching Competences Necessary for Developing key Competences of Primary Education Students in Spain: Teacher Assessments.” Teacher Development 20: 123–145. doi:10.1080/13664530.2015.1101390
  • De Knop, P. 1983. “Effectiveness of Tennis Teaching.” In Research in School Physical Education, edited by R. Telama, V. Varstala, J. Tiainen, L. Laakso and T. Haajanen, 228–234. Jyvaskyla: The Foundation for Promotion of Physical Culture and Health.
  • Delignières, D., C. Teulier, and D. Nourrit. 2009. “L'apprentissage des habiletés motrices complexes : des coordinations spontanées à la coordination experte.” Bulletin de Psychologie 4 (502): 327–334. doi:10.3917/bupsy.502.0327.
  • Driouch, F., A. Marzouk, A. Baria, and R. Chabba. 1993. “Les feed-back émis par les enseignants lors des situations d'enseignement-apprentissage.” STAPS 30: 7–19.
  • Dutta, S., and B. Bilbao-Osorio. 2012. “Global Information Technology Report. Living in a Hyperconnected world.” In World Economic Forum. Genève.
  • Erbaugh, S. J. 1985. “Role of Visual Feedback in Observational Motor Learning of Primary-Grade Children.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 60: 755–762. doi: 10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.755
  • Escalié, G., N. Recoules, S. Chaliès, and P. Legrain. 2017. “Helping Students Build Competences in Physical Education: Theoretical Proposals and Illustrations.” Sport, Education and Society, doi:10.1080/13573322.2017.1397507
  • Fairbrother, J. T., D. D. Laughlin, and T. V. Nguyen. 2012. “Self-controlled Feedback Facilitates Motor Learning in Both High and Low Activity Individuals.” Frontiers in Psychology 3: 323. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00323
  • Fishman, S., and C. Tobey. 1978. “Augmented Feedback.” Motor Skills: Theory Into Practice 1: 51–62.
  • Fitts, P. M., and M. I. Posner. 1967. Human Performance. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Georges, F., and P. Pansu. 2011. “Les feedback à l’école: un gage de régulation des comportements scolaires.” Revue Française de Pédagogie 176: 101–124. doi: 10.4000/rfp.3239
  • Guadagnoli, M., W. Holcomb, and M. Davis. 2002. “The Efficacy of Video Feedback for Learning the Golf Swing.” Journal of Sports Sciences 20 (8): 615–622. doi:10.1080/026404102320183176
  • Guay, F., R. J. Vallerand, and C. Blanchard. 2000. “On the Assessment of Situational Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS).” Motivation and Emotion 24 (3): 175–213. doi: 10.1023/A:1005614228250
  • Gubacs-Collins, K., and S. Juniu. 2009. “The Mobile Gymnasium.” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 80 (2): 24–31. doi: 10.1080/07303084.2009.10598279
  • Hallam, S., A. Kirton, J. Peffers, P. Robertson, and G. Storbat. 2004. Evaluation of Project 1 of the AiFL Development Programme: Support for Professional Practice in Formative Assessment. London: Institute of Education, University of London.
  • Hamlin, B. 2005. “Motor Competency and Video Analysis.” Teaching Elementary Physical Education 16 (5): 8–13.
  • Handford, C., K. Davids, S. Bennett, and C. Button. 1997. “Skill Acquisition in Sport: Some Applications of an Evolving Practice Ecology.” Journal of Sports Sciences 15 (6): 621–640. doi: 10.1080/026404197367056
  • Hazen, A., C. Johnstone, G. L. Martin, and S. Srikameswaran. 1990. “A Videotaping Feedback Package for Improving Skills of Youth Competitive Swimmers.” The Sport Psychologist 4: 213–227. doi: 10.1123/tsp.4.3.213
  • Hegarty, M., S. Kriz, and C. Cate. 2003. “The Roles of Mental Animations and External Animations in Understanding Mechanical Systems.” Cognition & Instruction 21 (4): 325–360. doi: 10.1207/s1532690xci2104_1
  • Hodges, N. J., R. Chua, and I. M. Franks. 2003. “The Role of Video in Facilitating Perception and Action of a Novel Coordination Movement.” Journal of Motor Behavior 35 (3): 247–260. doi: 10.1080/00222890309602138
  • Horn, T. S. 1987. “The Influence of Teacher-Coach Behavior on the Psychological Development of Children.” In Advances in Pediatric Sport Sciences, edited by D. Gould, and M. R. Weiss, 121–142. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Horn, T. S. 1992. “Leadership Effectiveness in the Sport Domain.” In Advances in Sport Psychology, edited by T. S. Horn, 181–190. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Hung, H. C., S. Shwu-Ching Young, and K. C. Lin. 2017. “Exploring the Effects of Integrating the IPad to Improve Students’ Motivation and Badminton Skills: A WISER Model for Physical Education.” Technology, Pedagogy and Education, doi:10.1080/1475939X.2017.1384756.
  • Janelle, C. M., D. A. Barba, S. G. Frehlich, L. K. Tennant, and J. H. Cauraugh. 1997. “Maximising Performance Effectiveness Through Videotape Replay and a Self-Controlled Learning Environment.” Research Quarterly Exercise and Sport 68 (4): 269–279. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1997.10608008
  • Kalyuga, S. 2007. “Expertise Reversal Effect and its Implications for Learner-Tailored Instruction.” Educational Psychology Review 19: 509–539. doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9054-3.
  • Kalyuga, S., P. Ayres, P. Chandler, and J. Sweller. 2003. “The Expertise Reversal Effect.” Educational Psychologist 38 (1): 23–31. doi: 10.1207/S15326985EP3801_4
  • Kernodle, M. W., and L. G. Carlton. 1992. “Information Feedback and the Learning Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Activities.” Journal of Motor Behavior 24 (2): 187–196. doi:10.1080/00222895.1992.9941614.
  • Khacharem, A., B. Zoudji, I. A. E. Spanjers, and S. Kalyuga. 2014. “Improving Learning From Animated Soccer Scenes: Evidence for the Expertise Reversal Effect.” Computers in Human Behavior 35: 339–349. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.021
  • Kingston, K., and K. Wilson. 2009. “The Application of Goal Setting in Sport.” In Advances in Applied Sport Psychology: A Review, edited by S. Mellalieu, and S. Hanton, 75–123. New York: Routledge.
  • Koekoek, J., H. van der Mars, J. van der Kamp, W. Walinga, and I. van Hilvoorde. 2018. “Aligning Digital Video Technology with Game Pedagogy in Physical Education.” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 89 (1): 12–22. doi: 10.1080/07303084.2017.1390504
  • Kretschmann, R. 2015. “Effect of Physical Education Teachers’ Computer Literacy on Technology Use in Physical Education.” Physical Educator 72: 261–277.
  • Kretschmann, R. 2017. “Employing Tablet Technology for Video Feedback in Physical Education Swimming Class.” Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society 13 (2): 103–115.
  • Lee, T. D., M. A. White, and H. Carnahan. 1990. “On the Role of Knowledge of Results in Motor Learning: Exploring the Guidance Hypothesis.” Journal of Motor Behavior 22 (2): 191–208. doi: 10.1080/00222895.1990.10735510
  • Lhuisset, L., and E. Margnes. 2014. “The Influence of Live vs. Video-Model Presentation on the Early Acquisition of a new Complex Coordination.” Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 20 (5): 490–502. doi:10.1080/17408989.2014.923989
  • Madou, T., and J. Cottyn. 2015. “Integrating Live Delayed Video Feedback Using Mobile Devices into a Real Life Physical Education Setting.” In Proceedings of Global Learn, edited by Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, 380–384, Berlin.
  • Mayer, R. E., M. Hegarty, S. Mayer, and J. Campbell. 2005. “When Static Media Promote Active Learning: Annotated Illustrations Versus Narrated Animations in Multimedia Instruction.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 11 (4): 256–265.
  • McMillan, J. H., and J. Hearn. 2008. “Student Self-Assessment: The key to Stronger Student Motivation and Higher Achievement.” Educational Horizons 87 (1): 40–49.
  • Mérian, T., and B. Baumberger. 2007. “Le Feedback Vidéo en Education Physique Scolaire.” STAPS 76: 107–120. doi: 10.3917/sta.076.0107
  • Mulder, T., and W. Hulstijn. 1985. “Delayed Sensory Feedback in the Learning of a Novel Motor Task.” Psychological Research 47 (4): 203–209. doi: 10.1007/BF00309447
  • Newell, K. M. 1991. “Motor Skill Acquisition.” Annual Review of Psychology 42 (1): 213–237. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.42.020191.001241
  • Newell, K., and J. Valvano. 1998. “Therapeutic Intervention as a Constraint in Learning and Relearning Movement Skills.” Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 5: 51–57. doi: 10.3109/11038129809035730
  • Norris, C., E. Soloway, and T. Sullivan. 2002. “Examining 25 Years of Technology in U.S. Education.” Communications of the ACM 45 (8): 15–18.
  • Nourrit, D., D. Delignieres, N. Caillou, T. Deschamps, and B. Lauriot. 2003. “On Discontinuities in Motor Learning: a Longitudinal Study of Complex Skill Acquisition on a Ski-Simulator.” Journal of Motor Behavior 35 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1080/00222890309602130
  • Ntoumanis, N., and S. J. Biddle. 1999. “A Review of Motivational Climate in Physical Activity.” Journal of Sports Sciences 17 (8): 643–665. doi:10.1080/026404199365678
  • Ntoumanis, N., A. M. Pensgaard, C. Martin, and K. Pipe. 2004. “An Idiographic Analysis of Amotivation in Compulsory School Physical Education.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26 (2): 197–214. doi: 10.1123/jsep.26.2.197
  • O’Loughlin, J., D. N. Chroinin, and D. O'Grady. 2015. “Digital Video: The Impact on Children’s Learning Experiences in Primary Physical Education.” European Physical Education Review 19 (2): 165–182. doi: 10.1177/1356336X13486050
  • Palao, J. M., P. A. Hastie, P. G. Cruz, and E. Ortega. 2013. “The Impact of Video Technology on Student Performance in Physical Education.” Technology, Pedagogy and Education 24 (1): 51–63. doi: 10.1080/1475939X.2013.813404
  • Parsons, J. L., and M. J. Alexander. 2012. “Modifying Spike Jump Landing Biomechanics in Female Adolescent Volleyball Athletes Using Video and Verbal Feedback.” Journal of Strength and Conditionning Research 26 (4): 1076–1084. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822e5876
  • Patterson, J. T., M. J. Carter, and S. Hansen. 2013. “Self-controlled KR Schedules: Does Repetition Order Matter?” Human Movement Science 32 (4): 567–579. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2013.03.005
  • Piéron, M., and J. Piron. 1981. “Recherche de critères d'efficacité de l'enseignement d'habiletés motrices.” Sport 24: 144–161.
  • Post, P. G., C. A. Aiken, D. D. Laughlin, and J. T. Fairbrother. 2016. “Self-control Over Combined Video Feedback and Modelling Facilitates Motor Learning.” Human Movement Science 47: 49–59. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.01.014
  • Potdevin, F., F. Bernaert, A. Huchez, and O. Vors. 2013. “Le feedback vidéo en EPS: une double stratégie de progrès et de motivations. Le cas de l’Appui Tendu Renversé en classe de 6ème.” eJournal de la Recherche sur L'Intervention en Eduction Physique et en Sport 30: 51–80.
  • Renshaw, I., J. Y. Chow, K. Davids, and J. Hammond. 2010. “A Constraints-led Perspective to Understanding Skill Acquisition and Game Play: A Basis for Integration of Motor Learning Theory and Physical Education Praxis?” Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 15 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1080/17408980902791586
  • Rink, E. J. 2003. “Effective Instruction in Physical Education.” In Student Learning in Physical Education: Applying Research to Enhance Instruction, edited by S. Silverman, and C. Ennis, 165–186. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Rothstein, A. L., and R. K. Arnold. 1976. “Bridging the Gap: Application of Research on Videotape Feedback and Bowling.” Motor Skills : Theory Into Practice 1: 36–61.
  • Rucci, J. A., and P. D. Tomporowski. 2010. “Three Types of Kinematic Feedback and the Execution of the Hang Power Clean.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24 (3): 771–778. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cbab96
  • Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. 2000. “Self-determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.” American Psychologist 55 (1): 68–78. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
  • Sallis, J. F., and T. L. McKenzie. 1991. “Physical Education’s Role in Public Health.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 62: 124–137. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1991.10608701
  • Salmoni, A. W., R. A. Schmidt, and C. B. Walter. 1984. “Knowledge of Results and Motor Learning: A Review and Critical Reappraisal.” Psychological Bulletin 95 (3): 355–386. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.355
  • Schmidt, R. A. 1975. “A Schema Theory of Discrete Motor Learning.” Psychological Review 82: 225–260. doi: 10.1037/h0076770
  • Schmidt, R. A., C. Lange, and D. E. Young. 1990. “Optimizing Summary Knowledge of Results for Skill Learning.” Human Movement Science 9: 325–348. doi: 10.1016/0167-9457(90)90007-Z
  • Schmidt, R. A., and T. D. Lee. 2005. Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis. Champaign, IL: Human kinetics.
  • Schmidt, R. A., and C. A. Wrisberg. 2008. Motor Learning and Performance - A Situation-Based Learning Approach. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Shepard, L. A. 2000. “The Role of Assessment in a Learning Culture.” Educational Researcher 29 (7): 4–14. doi: 10.3102/0013189X029007004
  • Shrout, P. E., and J. L. Fleiss. 1979. “Intraclass Correlation: Uses in Assessing Rates Reliability.” Psychological Bulletin 86: 420–428. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
  • Smith, R. M., and C. Loschner. 2002. “Biomechanics Feedback for Rowing.” Journal of Sports Sciences 20 (10): 783–791. doi: 10.1080/026404102320675639
  • Sparrow, W. A., and J. J. Summers. 1992. “Performance on Trials Without Knowledge Results (KR) in Reduced Relative Frequency Presentations of KR.” Journal of Motor Behavior 24 (2): 197–209. doi:10.1080/00222895.1992.9941615
  • Ste-Marie, D. M., B. Law, A. M. Rymal, O. Jenny, C. Hall, and P. McCullagh. 2012. “Observation Interventions for Motor Skill Learning and Performance: an Applied Model for the Use of Observation.” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 5 (2): 145–176. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2012.665076
  • Swalus, P., G. H. Carlier, and J. P. Renard. 1991. “Feedback en cours d'apprentissage de tâches motrices et leur perception par les élèves.” STAPS 12: 23–35.
  • Swinnen, S. P. 1996. “Information Feedback for Motor Skill Learning: a Review.” In Advances in Motor Learning and Control, edited by H. N. Zelaznik, 37–66. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Teulier, C., and D. Delignieres. 2007. “The Nature of the Transition Between Novice and Skilled Coordination During Learning to Swing.” Human Movement Science 26 (3): 376–392. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2007.01.013.
  • Thow, J. L., R. Naemi, and R. H. Sanders. 2012. “Comparison of Modes of Feedback on Glide Performance in Swimming.” Journal of Sports Science 30 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.624537.
  • Uhl, B., and S. Dillon. 2009. “Dartfish Video Analysis in Secondary Physical Education: A Pilot Study.” Poster presented at the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance Annual Convention, Tampa, March, 383.
  • Weir, T., and S. Connor. 2009. “The Use of Digital Video in Physical Education.” Technology, Pedagogy and Education 18 (2): 165–171. doi:10.1080/14759390902992642.
  • Wiener, N. 1948. Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Winfrey, M. L., and D. S. Weeks. 1993. “Effects of Self-Modeling on Self-Efficacy and Balance Beam Performance.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 77: 907–913. doi:10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.907
  • Winstein, C. J., and R. A. Schmidt. 1990. “Reduced Frequency Knowledge of Results Enhances Motor Skill Learning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Condition 16 (4): 677–691.
  • Wrisberg, C. A. 2007. Sport Skill Instruction for Coaches. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Wulf, G., R. A. Schmidt, and H. Deubel. 1993. “Reduced Feedback Frequency Enhances Generalized Motor Program Learning But Not Parameterization Learning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 19 (5): 1134–1150.
  • Wulf, G., and C. H. Shea. 2004. “Understanding the Role of Augmented Feedback: the Good, the bad, the Ugly.” In Skill Acquisition in Sport: Research, Theory and Practice, edited by A. M. Williams, and N. J. Hodges, 121–144. London: Routledge.
  • Wulf, G., T. D. Lee, and R. A. Schmidt. 1994. “Reducing Knowledge of Results About Relative Versus Absolute Timing: Differential Effects on Learning.” Journal of Motor Behavior 26 (4): 362–369. doi:10.1080/00222895.1994.9941692
  • Young, D. E., and R. A. Schmidt. 1992. “Augmented Kinematic Feedback for Motor Learning.” Journal of Motor Behavior 24: 261–273. doi: 10.1080/00222895.1992.9941621
  • Ziegler, S. G. 1994. “The Effects of Attentional Shift Training on the Execution of Soccer Skills: A Preliminary Investigation.” Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 27 (3): 545–552. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-545

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.