References

• Anselin, L. (1988) Lagrange multiplier test diagnostics for spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity, Geographical Analysis, 20, 1–17. 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1988.tb00159.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J. & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992) Convergence, Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223–251. 10.1086/261816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J. & Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004) Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beaumont, C., Ertur, C. & Le Gallo, J. (2003) Spatial convergence clubs and the European regional growth process, 1980-1995, in: B. Fingleton (ed) European Regional Growth, pp. 131–158, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Beeson, P. E., DeJong, D. N. & Troesken, W. (2001) Population growth in US counties, 1840-1990, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 31, 669–699. 10.1016/S0166-0462(01)00065-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, B. J. L. & Kasarda, J. D. (1977) Contemporary Urban Ecology, New York, NY, Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Black, D. & Henderson, V. (1999) A theory of urban growth, Journal of Political Economy, 107, 252–284. 10.1086/250060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, D. & Henderson, V. (2003) Urban evolution in the USA, Journal of Economic Geography, 3, 343–372. 10.1093/jeg/lbg017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, D., Canning, D. & Sevilla, J. (2003) Geography and poverty traps, Journal of Economic Growth, 8, 355–378. 10.1023/A:1026294316581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosker, E. M., Brakman, S., Garretsen, H. & Schramm, M. (2007) Looking for multiple equilibria when geography matters: German city growth and the WWII shock, Journal of Urban Economics, 61, 152–169. 10.1016/j.jue.2006.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosker, E. M., Brakman, S., Garretsen, H. & Schramm, M. (2008) A century of shocks: the evolution of the German city size distribution 1925–1999, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 38, 330–347. 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canova, F. (2004) Testing for convergence clubs in income per capita: a predictive density approach, International Economic Review, 45, 49–77. 10.1111/j.1468-2354.2004.00117.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champernowne, D. (1953) A model of income distribution, Economic Journal, 63, 318–351. 10.2307/2227127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasco, C., López, A. & Guillain, R. (2012) The influence of geography on the spatial agglomeration of production in the European Union, Spatial Economic Analysis, 7, 247–263. 10.1080/17421772.2012.669490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combes, P.-P., Duranton, G., Gobillon, L., Puga, D. & Roux, S. (2012) The productivity advantages of large cities: distinguishing agglomeration from firm selection, Econometrica, 80, 2543–2594. 10.3982/ECTA8442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combes, P.-P., Duranton, G. & Overman, H. G. (2005) Agglomeration and the adjustment of the spatial economy, Papers in Regional Science, 84, 311–349. 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2005.00038.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D. R. & Weinstein, D. E. (2002) Bones, bombs, and break points: the geography of economic activity, The American Economic Review, 92, 1269–1289. 10.1257/000282802762024502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D. R. & Weinstein, D. E. (2008) A search for multiple equilibria in urban industrial structure, Journal of Regional Science, 48, 29–65. 10.1111/j.1467-9787.2008.00545.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, P. A. (1965) National debt in a neoclassical growth model, American Economic Review, 55, 1126–1150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobkins, L. H. & Ioannides, Y. M. (2001) Spatial interactions among US cities: 1900–1990, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 31, 701–731. 10.1016/S0166-0462(01)00067-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duranton, G. & Puga, D. (2001) Nursery cities: urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products, American Economic Review, 91, 1454–1477. 10.1257/aer.91.5.1454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duranton, G. & Puga, D. (2004) Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies, in: J. V. Henderson & J. F. Thisse (eds) Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, Vol. 4, Chapter 48, pp. 2064–2117, North-Holland, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
   Google Scholar
• Durlauf, S. & Johnson, P. (1995) Multiple regimes and cross-country growth behaviour, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10, 365–384. 10.1002/jae.3950100404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, J. & Eckstein, Z. (1997) Cities and growth: theory and evidence from France and Japan, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 27, 443–474. 10.1016/S0166-0462(97)80005-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eeckhout, J. (2004) Gibrat's law for (all) cities, American Economic Review, 94, 1429–1451. 10.1257/0002828043052303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, G. & Glaeser, E. L. (1999) The geographic concentration of industry: does natural advantage explain agglomeration? American Economic, Review Papers and Proceedings, 89, 311–316. 10.1257/aer.89.2.311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, P. (1997) How fast do economies converge?, Review of Economics and Statistics, 79, 219–225. 10.2307/1912934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, P. & Karras, G. (1996) Do economies converge? Evidence from a panel of U.S. states, Review of Economics and Statistics, 78, 384–388. 10.2307/2109785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favaro, J.-M. & Pumain, D. (2011) Gibrat revisited: an urban growth model incorporating spatial interaction and innovation cycles, Geographical Analysis, 43, 261–286. 10.1111/j.1538-4632.2011.00819.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernihough, A. & Hjortshøj O'Rourke, K. (2014) Coal and the European Industrial Revolution. NBER Working Paper No. 19802, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Fingleton, B. & López-Bazo, E. (2006) Empirical growth models with spatial effects, Papers in Regional Science, 85, 177–198. 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00074.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita, M. (1976) Spatial patterns of urban growth: optimum and market, Journal of Urban Economics, 3, 209–241. 10.1016/0094-1190(76)90041-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabaix, X. (1999) Zipf's law for cities: an explanation, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 739–767. 10.1162/003355399556133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabaix, X. & Ioannides, Y. M. (2004) The evolution of city size distributions, in: J. V. Henderson & J. F. Thisse (eds) Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, Vol. 4, Chapter 53, pp. 2341–2378, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science.
   Google Scholar
• Garmestani, A. S., Allen, C. R. & Gallagher, C. M. (2008) Power laws, discontinuities and regional city size distributions, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 68, 209–216. 10.1016/j.jebo.2008.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E. L. (2000) The new economics of urban and regional growth, in: G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman, & M. Gertler (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, pp. 83–98, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E. L. & Saiz, A. (2003) The Rise of the Skilled City, Discussion Paper number 2025, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Institute of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E. L., Scheinkman, J. A. & Shleifer, A. (1995) Economic growth in a cross-section of cities, Journal of Monetary Economics, 36, 117–143. 10.1016/0304-3932(95)01206-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E. L. & Shapiro, J. (2003) Urban growth in the 1990s: is city living back?, Journal of Regional Science, 43, 139–165. 10.1111/1467-9787.00293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Val, R. (2010) The evolution of the US city size distribution from a long-run perspective (1900–2000), Journal of Regional Science, 50, 952–972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Val, R. (2015) Cross-sectional growth in US cities from 1990 to 2000, Journal of Geographical Systems, 17, 83–106. 10.1007/s10109-014-0204-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, B. E. (1996) Inference when a nuisance parameter is not identified under the null hypothesis, Econometrica, 64, 413–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, B. E. (1997) Inference in TAR models, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics, 2, 1–14. 10.2202/1558-3708.1024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckelman, J. C. (2013) Income convergence among U.S. states: cross-sectional and time series evidence, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 46, 1085–1109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, J. V. (1974) The sizes and types of cities, The American Economic Review, 64, 640–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, M. J., Levy, D. & Young, A. T. (2006) Growth and convergence across the U.S.: evidence from county-level data, Review of Economics and Statistics, 88, 671–681. 10.1086/261765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannides, Y. M. & Overman, H. G. (2003) Zipf's law for cities: an empirical examination, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 33, 127–137. 10.1016/S0166-0462(02)00006-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannides, Y. M. & Skouras, S. (2013) US city size distribution: robustly Pareto, but only in the tail, Journal of Urban Economics, 73, 18–29. 10.1016/j.jue.2012.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Gallo, J., Ertur, C. & Baumont, C. (2003) A spatial econometric analysis of convergence across European regions, 1980-1995, in: B. Fingleton (ed) European Regional Growth, pp. 99–129, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer.
   Google Scholar
• López-Bazo, E., Vayá, E. & Artís, M. (2004) Regional externalities and growth: evidence from European regions, Journal of Regional Science, 44, 43–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. & Weil, D. N. (1992) A contribution to the empirics of economic growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407–437. 10.2307/2118477
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo, P. C., Graham, D. J. & Noland, R. B. (2009) A meta-analysis of estimates of urban agglomeration economies, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39, 332–342. 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaels, G., Rauch, F. & Redding, S. J. (2012) Urbanization and structural transformation, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127, 535–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, P. A. P. (1950) Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena, Biometrika, 37, 17–23. 10.1093/biomet/37.1-2.17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palivos, T. & Wang, P. (1996) Spatial agglomeration and endogenous growth, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26, 645–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pflüger, M. & Südekum, J. (2008) A synthesis of footloose-entrepreneur new economic geography models: when is agglomeration smooth and easily reversible?, Journal of Economic Geography, 8, 39–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport, J. (2007) Moving to nice weather, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 37, 375–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey, S. J. & Montouri, B. D. (1999) US regional income convergence: a spatial econometric perspective, Regional Studies, 33, 143–156. 10.1080/00343409950122945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roback, J. (1982) Wages, rents, and the quality of life, Journal of Political Economy, 90, 1257–1278. 10.1086/261120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson, B. T. (1973) Urban Growth: An Approach, London, Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Roos, M. W. M. (2005) How important is geography for agglomeration?, Journal of Economic Geography, 5, 605–620. 10.1093/jeg/lbi008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, S. S. & Strange, W. C. (2004) Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies, in: J. V. Henderson & J. F. Thisse (eds) Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, Vol. 4, Chapter 49, pp. 2119–2171, North-Holland, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
   Google Scholar
• Sala-i-Martin, X. (1996) Regional cohesion: evidence and theories of regional growth and convergence, European Economic Review, 40, 1325–1352. 10.1016/0014-2921(95)00029-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, H. (1955) On a class of skew distribution functions, Biometrika, 42, 425–440. 10.1093/biomet/42.3-4.425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solow, R. M. (1956) A contribution to the theory of economic growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94. 10.2307/1884513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, S., Kahn, M. E. & Liu, H. (2010) Towards a system of open cities in China: home prices, FDI flows and air quality in 35 major cities, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 40, 1–10. 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2009.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar